The Devil and Tom Walker Summary and Study Guide

Washington Irving, one of early Americas greatest storytellers, was the author of such beloved works as Rip Van Winkle (1819) and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1820). Another of his short stories, The Devil and Tom Walker, is not as well known, but it is definitely worth seeking out. The Devil and Tom Walker was first published in 1824 among a collection of short stories called Tales of a Traveller, which Irving wrote under pseudonym Geoffrey Crayon.  The story appropriately appeared in a section called Money-Diggers, as the tale chronicles the selfish choices of an exceptionally stingy and greedy man. Historical Context Irvings piece is a relatively early entry into the many literary works considered Faustian tales—stories depicting greed, a thirst for instant gratification, and, ultimately, a deal with the devil as the means to such selfish ends. The original legend of  Faust  dates to 16th-century Germany; Christopher Marlowe then dramatized (and popularized) it in his play The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, which was first performed sometime around 1588.  Faustian tales have been a hallmark of Western culture ever since, inspiring the major themes of plays, poems,  operas, classical music, and even film and television productions. Given its dark subject matter, it is unsurprising that The Devil and Tom Walker sparked a fair amount of controversy, particularly among the religious population. Still, many consider it an exemplary piece of narrative writing and one of Irvings finest stories. In fact, Irvings piece triggered a rebirth of sorts for the Faustian tale. It is widely reported to have inspired  Stephen Vincent Benets The Devil and Daniel Webster, which appeared in The Saturday Evening Post in 1936—more than a century after Irvings story came out. Plot Summary The story opens with the tale of how  Captain Kidd, a pirate, buried some treasure in a swamp just outside Boston. It then jumps to the year 1727, when New Englander Tom Walker happened to find himself walking through this swamp. Walker, explains the narrator, was just the kind of man to jump at the prospect of a buried treasure, as he, along with his wife, was selfish to the point of destruction. While walking through the swamp,  Walker comes upon the devil, a great black man carrying an ax, whom Irving calls Old Scratch. The devil in disguise  tells Walker about the treasure, saying that he controls it but will give it to Tom for a price. Walker agrees readily, without really considering what he is expected to pay in return—his soul. The rest of the tale follows the twists and turns one might expect as a result of greed-driven decisions and deal-making with the devil. Main Characters Tom Walker Tom Walker is the protagonist of the story. He  is described as a meager miserly fellow and is probably Irvings least likable character. However, despite his many unsavory characteristics, he is memorable.  Walker is often compared to Faust/Faustus, the protagonist of the legend that has inspired countless works throughout literary history, including Marlowe, Goethe, and more. Walker's wife Walkers wife is such a minor character that her name is never given, but she can be likened to her husband in her miserly nature and volatile temper. Irving describes: Toms wife was a tall termagant, fierce of temper, loud of tongue, and strong of arm. Her voice was often heard in wordy warfare with her husband, and his face sometimes showed signs that their conflicts were not confined to words. Old Scratch Old Scratch is another name for the devil. Irving describes: It is true, he was dressed in a rude, half Indian garb, and had a red belt or sash swathed round his body, but his face was neither black nor copper color, but swarthy and dingy and begrimed with soot, as if he had been accustomed to toil among fires and forges. The actions of Old Scratch are similar to other Faustian tales in that he is the tempter who offers the protagonist riches or other gains in exchange for their soul. Major Events and Setting The Devil and Tom Walker may be a short story, but quite a bit takes place in its few pages. The events—and the locations in which they take place—really drive the overarching theme of the story: avarice and its consequences. The events of the story can be divided into two locations: Old Indian Fort Tom Walker takes a shortcut through tangled, dark, and dingy swamplands, which are so dark and uninviting that they represent hell in the story. Tom meets the devil, Old Scratch, at an abandoned Indian fort hidden away in the swamplands.Old Scratch offers Tom riches hidden by Captain  Kidd in exchange for certain conditions. The conditions are, of course, that Walker sells his soul to him. Tom initially rejects the offer, but ultimately agrees.Toms wife confronts Old Scratch. She goes into the swamplands twice, hoping that Old Scratch would make a deal with her instead of her husband. Toms wife absconds with all of the couples valuables for the second meeting, but she disappears into the swamplands and is never heard from again. Boston Bolstered by the ill-gotten riches offered by Old Scratch, Walker opens a brokers office in Boston. Walker lends money freely, but he is merciless in his dealings and ruins the lives of many borrowers, often repossessing their property.A ruined speculator asks for a debt he owes to Tom to be forgiven. Walker refuses, but the devil rides in on a horse, easily sweeps Tom up, and gallops away. Tom is never seen again. After that, all the deeds and notes in Walkers safe turn to ash, and his house mysteriously burns down. Key Quotes The legend of a man who sells his soul to the devil and its devious consequences has been retold many times, but Irvings original words truly reveal the story. Setting the scene: About the year 1727, just at the time when earthquakes were prevalent in New England and shook many tall sinners down upon their knees, there lived near this place a meager miserly fellow of the name of Tom Walker. Describing the protagonist: Tom was a hard-minded fellow, not easily daunted, and he had lived so long with a termagant wife, that he did not even fear the devil. Describing the protagonist and his wife: ...they were so miserly that they even conspired to cheat each other. Whatever the woman could lay hands on she hid away: a hen could not cackle but she was on the alert to secure the new-laid egg. Her husband was continually prying about to detect her secret hoards, and many and fierce were the conflicts that took place about what ought to have been common property. Laying out the potential moral consequences of greed: As Tom waxed old, however, he grew thoughtful. Having secured the good things of this world, he began to feel anxious about those of the next. The communitys state of mind regarding the death of Walker and his wife: The good people of Boston shook their heads and shrugged their shoulders, but had been so much accustomed to witches and goblins and tricks of the devil in all kinds of shapes from the first settlement of the colony, that they were not so much horror struck as might have been expected. Study Guide Questions Once students have had a chance to read this classic tale, test their knowledge with these study questions: What is important about the title? Had you ever heard a similar phrase before reading the story?  What are the conflicts in The Devil and Tom Walker? What types of conflict (physical, moral, intellectual, or emotional) do you see?Who was Faust (in literary history)? How could Tom Walker be said to have made a Faustian bargain?How does greed factor into this story? Do you think the Walker familys financial situation plays a factor in their choices?  Ã‚  What are some themes in the story? How do they relate to the plot and characters?  Compare and contrast Tom Walker with Scrooge in A Christmas Carol by  Charles Dickens.Is Tom Walker consistent in his actions? Is he a fully developed character? How? Why?  Do you find the characters likable? Are the characters persons you would want to meet?  Why or why not?Discuss some of the symbols in The Devil and Tom Walker.  How are women portrayed in this story? Is the portrayal positive or negative?  Ã‚  Does the story end the wa y you expected? How did you feel about the ending? Was it fair? Why or why not?  What is the central or primary purpose of the story? Is the purpose important or meaningful?  How essential is the setting to the story? Could the story have taken place anywhere else?  What supernatural or surprising events are employed by  Washington Irving? Are these happenings believable?  How do you think Irvings Christian  beliefs impacted his writing?  Ã‚  What would you trade your soul for?  Do you think Tom and his wife made the right choice?

The Glass Ceiling And Sexual Harassment - 882 Words

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Engineering Leadership Skills-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Engineering Leadership skills and knowledge about the given Case Study. Answer: Introduction Engineering leadership is the leadership or the management of technical and technological skills and knowledge that are utilized for the betterment of the organization or the project that he is working for. The report describes the three major traits of engineering leadership with proper examples. The traits are important for engineering leadership in all organizations (Denstadli, Julsrud and Hjorthol 2012). The case study given in this report clearly mentions the modification of the communication plan. The report outlines a communication plan for the case study given. The communication plan for the mentioned project needs serious modification, which is to be done with the help of the engineering leadership traits (Ahn et al. 2014). The report describes the traits with proper examples, which help to understand the traits better. The report further covers the benefits of face-to-face meetings and what can be the other option if face-to-face meetings are not possible. It also helps to understand the difference between the traditional project communication plan and the modern project communication plan. The description of the case study is given in the following paragraphs. Discussion Engineering Leadership The innovative and technical skills and knowledge that are utilized for the betterment of a company or organization is known as the engineering leadership. This particular type of leadership is needed in every organization (Rottmann, Sacks and Reeve 2015). This type of leadership is used to bring alterations and changes in the company. The changes include the new and unconventional design, implementation and conception, of new processes, materials, products, projects, systems, software, and molecules, which are reinforced by the creation of enabling different technologies, to meet the necessities and needs of society and the clients of the project. Engineering leadership is useful and extremely important for all organizations. This is generally an amalgamation of both engineering and management (Garca-Morales, Jimnez-Barrionuevo and Gutirrez-Gutirrez 2012). The skills and knowledge of engineering background and the ability to control and manage situations, together constitute enginee ring leadership. Examples of Engineering Leaders The six famous engineering leaders, who have helped the world with their exclusive engineering knowledge, skills and leadership, are mentioned in this report. The engineering leaders have unique engineering skills and management ability that have made famous (Hwang and Ng 2013). Trait 1 A good engineering leader becomes successful if he/she succeeds in the trait of acceptance of risks and failures that are coupled together to make the staffs learn how to overcome the situation if the project goes wrong. The two examples of such leaders are as follows: Personalities Tim Cook: Timothy Donald Cook an American industrial engineer, business executive anddeveloper. Cook is theCEO or the Chief Executive OfficerofApple Inc., who was previously serving as the Apple Inc.sChief Operating Officer, under the founderSteve Jobs (Cameron 2012). Apple Inc. launched watches under their brand on 24 April, 2015. However, the watch did not become as popular as the other Apple products. It faced huge losses. However, Cook did not break down and neither did he allow his employees to feel down. He rather planned to make the watch better, so that the customers accept it. Finally, on 16 September, 2016, Apple Inc. launched the second version of Apple watch. This was well accepted by the customers. Sundar Pichai: Sundar Pichai is an Indian business executive who is the Chief Executive Officer or CEO of Google Inc. (Saebi and Foss 2015). He has completed his engineering from IIT Madras and done his M.S. from Stanford University. Google Lively was one of the biggest mistakes of Google. It did not last for more than six months in 2008. However, Pichai did not break down, rather he helped his fellow employees to overcome the situation. Trait 2 The second trait is the building and directing teams that are winning for retaining and attracting the innovators. A leader becomes successful when he has the ability to manage and guide his teams in such a way that it retains innovators (Hwang and Ng 2013). The examples of such engineering leaders are as follows: Personalities Erin Hoffman: Erin Hoffman is an American blogger, game developer and writer. She is famous for her popular game Kung Fu Panda World. She is a wonderful engineering leader with amazing leadership skills. Kung Fu Panda game was launched on 3rd June, 2008 and soon it attracted clients (Rottmann, Sacks and Reeve 2015). Hoffman managed and directed her employees in such a way that they retained and attracted the customers. Bridget Frey: Bridget Frey is the CTO of Redfin since the year 2015. Previously, she was the Vice President of engineering in Redfin and the director of Analytics Business Applications for Lithium. She was even the founding member of the analytics team of IntrinsiQ. She even held senior management positions in Plumtree and IMlogic. During her stay in the management positions, Frey retained and directed her staffs. Trait 3 The third trait of leadership is the degree of passion for innovation and mission in the work, as well as sharing that passion with the employees. Innovation is needed for any product or organization. Every engineering leader should have the passion for innovation (Rottmann, Sacks and Reeve 2015). The two famous leaders, who have excelled in this trait, are as follows: Personalities Noah Glass: Noah Glass is one of the co-founders of the social networking site Twitter. Twitters stock declined around 45% in the year 2015. However, the new changes and the innovations made by Glass, helped Twitter to increase the popularity. Glass always had a thirst for innovations, which he even passed on to his employees. Jerry Yang: The co-founder and the former CEO of Yahoo! Inc., Jerry Yang is one of the famous engineering leaders. Yahoo was the first recognized search engine before Google. After Yahoo search engine became popular, Yahoo mail was launched (Cameron 2012). Yang had the passion for his work and innovations, and he shared this passion with his employees. Case Study AusElec is a large electronics company in Australia. I am the project leader of traditional and collocated projects, and I rely on the oral communication that is face-face meetings, and team meetings, emails, telephones and hard copies of memos, reports and letters. Recently, I was given a hybrid transnational project known as the Hytrans, where most of the team members are located in different parts and time zones of the world. Only me, Joseph and Tina are present in the headquarters of Sydney. Since most of the team members are located in different time zones of the world, it was extremely difficult for me to communicate with them and organize meetings. Any project is successful only when all the team members are present and they have meetings face-to-face. Video and audio conferences help in this case to some extent, although face-to-face meetings are way more successful than those conferences (Baek, Wojcieszak and Delli Carpini 2012). After the project is launched, I noticed that the communications plan that is made for the project needs severe modification. I need to draft a new communication plan with proper modification. Communication Plan Communication planningis the science and art of meeting the target audiences using various marketingcommunicationchannels such as public relations, direct mails, advertising, or experiences (Szeberenyi 2015). I need to modify the communication plan of Hytrans. Since, only three members are present in the headquarters of Sydney and rest all, the members are located in different parts of the world, it became very difficult to communicate with them (Akmajian et al. 2013). When a member is present in one part of the world and the other member is present in other part of the world, there is a high chance that their time differences will clash. this exactly was happening with my team. Therefore, I decided that the new communication plan should have audio and video conferences instead of telephones and emails. The difference between the new and the traditional communication plans was that the communication mode was changed, which means there was video conferences instead of emails or memos. Face-to-Face Meetings Hytrans is a hybrid transnational project, in which most of the members are located in different time zones and different parts of the world. I being the project leader found it very hard to communicate with my team members. According to me, face-to-face meetings are extremely important for any organization (McConnell et al. 2013). The main reasons why face-to-face meetings are the best are as follows) Body Language is communication: Body language is important for any sort of communication. Half of the words are spoken through body languages. When a team is interacting on phones or emails, there is no chance of showing body language, which can sometimes be misleading (Mller 2013). The person may not understand what the other person is wanting to express. Ensures Engagement: All the team members can take part in discussions in face-to-face meetings, which is not possible in a virtual meeting More Efficient: It is seen than face-to-face meetings are shorter than audio conferences. Drives participation: Face-to-face meetings have more participation of members than in conference calls. Face-to-face meetings are much better than other modes of meetings because of the above-mentioned reasons. I highly recommend such meetings for the success of Hytrans as it will clarify the doubts and the new communication plan can be easily modified (Denstadli, Julsrud and Hjorthol 2012). However, if face-to-face meetings are possible at any cost, the only other option against this, I think is the video conference. Video conferences can be the only substitute of face-to-face meetings. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion it can be concluded that, engineering leadership is an important aspect in any business or any organization. This type of leadership helps the organization to make innovative alterations and changes in their project that will make the project even better. The report describes about the basic traits of engineering leadership that makes an engineering leader successful in his life. The report also describes the different engineering leadership strategies of six famous engineering leaders, who have used their engineering skills and managerial ability to conquer the world. The above report further describes about the modification in communication plan of the case study given and the benefits of face-to-face meetings. References Ahn, B., Cox, M.F., London, J., Cekic, O. and Zhu, J., 2014. Creating an instrument to measure leadership, change, and synthesis in engineering undergraduates.Journal of Engineering Education,103(1), pp.115-136. [online] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jee.20036/full Akmajian, A., Farmer, A.K., Bickmore, L. and Harnish, R.M., 2017.Linguistics: An introduction to language and communication. MIT press [online] https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=VF4nDwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PT8dq=Akmajian,+A.,+Farmer,+A.K.,+Bickmore,+L.+and+Harnish,+R.M.,+2017.+Linguistics:+An+introduction+to+language+and+communication.+MIT+pressots=oZXqzvs41vsig=NTSxJPAIVy7FHtyWISWI06jd-Wk#v=onepageqf=false Baek, Y.M., Wojcieszak, M. and Delli Carpini, M.X., 2012. Online versus face-to-face deliberation: Who? Why? What? With what effects?.New media society,14(3), pp.363-383. [online] https://www.looooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Online-versus-face-to-face-deliberation1.pdf Cameron, K., 2012.Positive leadership: Strategies for extraordinary performance. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. [online] https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/29441788/positiveleadership.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3AExpires=1503036195Signature=AL8bxmj5Vv9Mv359s7GEgK9xsvA%3Dresponse-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DPositive_leadership_Strategies_for_extra.pdf Denstadli, J.M., Julsrud, T.E. and Hjorthol, R.J., 2012. Videoconferencing as a mode of communication: A comparative study of the use of videoconferencing and face-to-face meetings.Journal of Business and Technical Communication,26(1), pp.65-91. [online] https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Randi_Hjorthol/publication/239773432_Videoconferencing_as_a_Mode_of_Communication_A_Comparative_Study_of_the_Use_of_Videoconferencing_and_Face-to-Face_Meetings/links/00b7d5281cde1a0a1d000000.pdf Garca-Morales, V.J., Jimnez-Barrionuevo, M.M. and Gutirrez-Gutirrez, L., 2012. Transformational leadership influence on organizational performance through organizational learning and innovation.Journal of business research,65(7), pp.1040-1050. [online] https://npchr.nipc.ir/uploads/Transformational_leadership_15525.pdf Hwang, B.G. and Ng, W.J., 2013. Project management knowledge and skills for green construction: Overcoming challenges.International Journal of Project Management,31(2), pp.272-284. [online] https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bon-Gang_Hwang/publication/257094667_Project_management_knowledge_and_skills_for_green_construction_Overcoming_challenges/links/0c96052f3321e1fa02000000.pdf McConnell, T.J., Parker, J.M., Eberhardt, J., Koehler, M.J. and Lundeberg, M.A., 2013. Virtual professional learning communities: Teachers perceptions of virtual versus face-to-face professional development.Journal of Science Education and Technology,22(3), pp.267-277. [online] https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/37234299/McConnelletalJoST2012.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3AExpires=1503036269Signature=XLJo8KOjoqNRzmr9sobZdvm8AHU%3Dresponse-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DVirtual_Professional_Learning_Communitie.pdf Mller, C. ed., 2013.Body-Language-Communication(pp. 310-319). de Gruyter. [online] https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Dance%20in%20Indiaitem_type=topic Rottmann, C., Sacks, R. and Reeve, D., 2015. Engineering leadership: Grounding leadership theory in engineers professional identities.Leadership,11(3), pp.351-373. [online] https://static1.squarespace.com/static/57b6154a2e69cf98b3fb7031/t/57d3612644024343d18e0222/1473470759895/Engineering+Leadership+-+Grounding+Leadership+Theory.pdf Saebi, T. and Foss, N.J., 2015. Business models for open innovation: Matching heterogeneous open innovation strategies with business model dimensions.European Management Journal,33(3), pp.201-213. [online] https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/298636/Saebi_Business.pdf?sequence=3 Szeberenyi, A., 2015.Project Communication Plan(No. AIDA-2020-MS4). [online] https://cds.cern.ch/record/2047412/files/AIDA-2020-MS4.pdf

Rip Van Winkle A Story Thats Simple But Complex Essays -

Rip Van Winkle A Story Thats Simple But Complex Rip Van WinkleA Story Thats Simple But Complex Rip Van Winkle by Washington Irving has been a well known story told throughout time. As a child, there is no doubt you have heard a famous tale by Washington Irving about a carefree man who slept for 20 years. Like many stories, Irving's "Rip Van Winkle" has been told so many times throughout American history that it has lost its original purpose. The story is now remembered for its fairy tale like quality and its appeal to the children and the young at heart. However, when read more closely, one may discover how irony played a hand in Irvings character which enhanced the creativity of Rip Van Winkle. Throughout the story, the most prominent situational irony that could be seen is the outcome of the beverage drinking. Actually irony is one of the main principles in Washington Irving's stories. His irony is light and kind, it is closer to humor than to sarcasm or satire. Humor is a particular tool used in order to create a comic effect; it suggests a good natured laugh at a man or an event. Nicholas Vedder, a landlord of the inn, who was considered to be a patriarch of the village because he always smokes a pipe and never uttered a word. He even had adherents who would observe him attentively and understand, by the way he was smoking his pipe, whether he approved of the situation or not. When anything that was read or related displeased him, he was observed to smoke his pipe vehemently, and to send forth short, frequent and angry puffs; but when pleased, he would inhale he smoke slowly and tranquilly Here we could see the gap between the reality and the words, which creates a humor ous situation. With this kind of comical humor in the story, it contradicts to the resulted scenes after twenty years. After Mr. Winkle returned to town, his house was described as empty, forlorn and apparently abandoned continued by he called loudly for his wife and childrenthe lonely chambers rang for a moment with his voice, and then all again was silence. Comparing to the previous fantasized setting, the new atmosphere is dimmed and gloomy. Irving created a dramatic change between twenty years before and after. Although various types of situational ironies could be found, there is also a verbal irony that contradicts. The original full title of the story was supposed to be called Rip Van Winkle, a Posthumous Writing of Diedrich Knickerbocker. Irving starts with a verbal irony; a story is called "a posthumous writing". But a posthumous writing cannot exist, there can be only a posthumous publishing. Because no one could write books after hes in the grave. So, there is a paradox, a gap between the words and the reality. This adds suspense and fantasy, and draws the readers attention to the story. Rip Van Winkle', demonstrates Irving's versatile talent. The author appears to be not only a keen word-lover but also a gifted ironist, who uses all the possible literature devices to create the atmosphere full of joie de vivre in his witty and light romantic stories. Although he passed away, his classic tales will always be remembered and long live through American literature.

Man of Steel essays

Man of Steel essays IN the years 1927 to 1953 a man who was exactly what the USSR needed took power, Joseph Stalin. From the start Stalin had a vision of what he wanted for the country and stuck to it. With doing this he led them through his amazing economic plan, and also prepared them for war. Joseph Stalin really was the man of steel. Stalin was one of the few leaders of the USSR who actually had a vision. Some may say that this vision was the reason for most of his success. From the very start of his leadership, he started the country moving forward and never backwards. One of Stalin's greatest achievements was the rapid industrialization of the Soviet Union with his economic plan. To have a strong economic system, a country needs the three factors of production; land, labor and capital. Stalin accomplished this more than any other former leader of the USSR. He may have been lacking in capital but he had a full workforce to provide labor, and he also controlled large amounts of land filled with natural resources. Under his rule industrialization of his country increased by thirteen percent. Much of the industrialization occurred within his five-year plans. From 1928 to 1937, the Soviet had many gains, all of which happened in only nine years. In 1904-1905 Russia was severely beaten in the Russo-Jap war. Stalin took note of this and saw that he had to prepare his country for another war, which he saw was coming. To do this, production of massive amounts of military weapons was established. Also, by warning his people of a war that may come, he brought his country closer together. Under his ruling, during World War II, the Soviet became the second most powerful nation in the world, economically and militarily Despite Stalins forceful tactics he got what he needed done and he got it done fast. How many leaders can say they accomplished as much as Stalin did in only ten months? He eliminated the people of opp ...

How far do you agree that Shakespeare presents status as the greatest enemy to communication in The Tempest Essays

How far do you agree that Shakespeare presents status as the greatest enemy to communication in The Tempest Essays How far do you agree that Shakespeare presents status as the greatest enemy to communication in The Tempest Essay How far do you agree that Shakespeare presents status as the greatest enemy to communication in The Tempest Essay Essay Topic: The Tempest The themes of status and breakdown of communication are prevalent in The Tempest; and it is therefore unsurprising that the two come into conflict at several points within the play. This essay will discuss these themes, and more specifically, how status and hierarchy cause a breakdown in communication, reaching the conclusion that Shakespeare does present status as the greatest enemy to communication throughout the play.As early as Act 1 Scene1, the two themes collide, and status is portrayed as a negative force towards communication. The aristocracy on the boat are obviously of a higher status than the boatswain who is sailing them home, however, when the storm hits it is clear that the power is held by the boatswain. He is the only one able to get them through the storm alive. The Kings party have difficulty in accepting this switch of power, and thus the Boatswains orders are ignored.BOATSWAIN: When the sea is. Hence! What cares these roarers forThe name of king? To cabin. Silence ! Trouble us not.GONZALO: Good, yet remember whom thou hast aboard.This quotation clearly shows the Boatswain trying to communicate with a person of superior status than himself, and failing to assert his new power. The situation has granted him the opportunity to speak to the Kings party in a way which he would never have been able to do before, but he still faces resistance to his orders due to the fact that despite the situation the people with higher status in a normal situation are reluctant to relinquish their usual authority. Status is the greatest enemy in this scene because despite the other chaos going on around them, it is the breakdown of communication that is causing the Boatswain the most problems.The master servant relationship again brings up conflict between status and communication this time, it manifests in the form of Prospero and Caliban. The first time that Shakespeare presents their relationship to us is in Act 1 Scene 2, where the first conversation begins wi th an insult from Caliban to Prospero, uncharacteristic of an ordinary master servant relationship. Prospero responds just as aggressively, provoking Caliban further. This communication is harsh, aggressive, and is as a result of again from a resentment of status. Just as members of the kings party were reluctant to grant the boatswain temporary authority, Caliban is aggrieved that he has had to relinquish power that he believes he deserves to Prospero. The communication breakdown occurs from line 345 when Prospero completely ignores all that Caliban has just said:PROSPERO: Thou most lying slaveProsperos relationship with Ariel is similar to the one that he holds with Caliban, and their communication is restricted to questions from Prospero, to answers from Ariel.PROSPERO: Hast thou, spirit,Performd to point the tempest that I bade thee?ARIEL: To every article.Again in the master slave relationship, resentment is shown although more subtly than with Caliban, Ariel longs fore his fre edom, and resents the fact that it is Prospero who is in control of him. Shakespeare creating a spirit as a slave is no coincidence. It again highlights how status can control event the freest of beings. It also adds to the theme of injustice, and the combination of the two does not allow freely flowing communication between the two. Once again, the slave is given prose instead of blank verse a sign of elevated status. The inability of Ariel to truly communicate with Prospero despite being eloquent, clearly shows how status is an enemy to communication.Just as with Gonzalo, the character with status is presented as dismissive of other characters below them. Shakespeare presents situations in both these cases whereby we cannot automatically accept the authority wielded by those with status. In Act 1 Scene 1, the boatswain is clearly the character who should have authority in that situation, regardless of the normal hierarchy. Similarly having only just been introduced to Caliban and Prospero, we can see that Shakespeare elevates Caliban above what a slave would normally be, by giving him prose, and an eloquent speech. Therefore it is not status as theme by itself that is the greatest enemy to communication, but more specifically, the resentment of status, and the unwillingness to surrender power and authority in any way.A relationship which also illustrates the resentment of authority is that of Antonio and Sebastian. Sebastian is jealous of his brothers position of King of Naples, and is too easily persuaded to kill him by Alonso, in Act 2 Scene 1. In this relationship, there appears to be no attempt at communication, and this is as a result of the difference in status between the two brothers, and thus feelings are allowed to develop, and Alonso, who is very eloquent, is able to persuade Sebastian to kill his brother.ANTONIO: And how does your contentTender your own good fortune?SEBASTIAN:I rememberYou did supplant your brother Prospero.ANTONIO: True:And loo k how well my garments sit upon me;Much feater than before: my brothers servantsWere then my fellows; now they are my men.This passage shows the difference in the level of communication available when characters are of the same social ranking. Antonio and Sebastian both had the same situation, of brothers holding positions of power, and thus Antonio and Sebastian are able to communicate better with each other than they are with their brothers. This situation also enables Antonio to persuade Sebastian to kill Alonso. Whilst Sebastian is articulate, from the examination of other relationships in the play, it seems that that is not necessarily enough when the one of the characters in the conversation is of a higher social status than the other. This extract shows how status is the greatest enemy to communication by illustrating how characters of equal rank can communicate with each other.Another relationship in which status affects communication is that of father daughter, between Mira nda and Prospero. Whilst there is a level of mutual respect in this relationship that is missing from the other two that have been mentioned, there is still a clear understanding of who holds the power in the relationship, and that is Prospero.In the case of this relationship, one would assume that communication would be clear, Miranda would attentively listen to Prospero at all times; however, the first communication that the audience sees between the two characters shows Prospero anxious that Miranda is in fact listening to him. He continually checks her awareness:Dost thou attend me?The very minute bids thee open thine ear;Obey and be attentiveDost thou hear?There seems to be a slight apprehension on the part of Prospero that his status in this relationship is not enough for the channels of communication to be open. Whilst in this relationship, status is not an enemy to communication, it doesnt have as positive an affect as one would imagine.In conclusion, throughout the play, al most every single relationship that Shakespeare presents to us allows the audience to see just how much status affects communication, and what an adverse affect it has. Be it through the obvious and blatant disregard of one character to another, or the ability of two characters of the same social level to communicate well, Shakespeare clearly wants the audience to recognise this point, and the dynamics of the master slave relationship. It is clear that whilst many things affect communication in this play, Shakespeare wanted to present status as the greatest enemy.

What's wrong with Rosseau's The General Will Essay

What's wrong with Rosseau's The General Will - Essay Example Rousseau spent most of his time observing the society and its organization. Through this, he realized how artificial and unfair aristocrats treated the common man. Years after intense thoughts and observation, he wrote a book, â€Å"The social Contract†. In his book, he stated the origins of governments and their laws, arguing that no law was binding unless the people agree to it (Wraight 2009, p. 34). This book stimulated French thinking and became a driving force for the French revolution thirty years after its release. The general will The will can only direct the State forces to maintain its obligations, â€Å"the common good†, because if the resistance of the private interest makes it possible for societies to be established, then the harmony of the same interests makes it possible. The common thing between these different interests creates the social bond; and if there was no similar interest, then society could not have been formed. Therefore, the state should go vern the society only with this common interest. This quote comes from Rousseau’s book; the Social Contract.... Ideas on the general will There is always a common interest among conflicting parties Through voting, governments can generate the common interest that accommodates the needs of a majority of its citizens The majority may come up with a falsified general will Criticism of the general will Following these arguments of the general will, Rousseau contends that when rulers govern their societies according to the general will, the freedom of each individual is assured. This notion is untrue because the general will only takes the common good of a majority of citizens, which it assumes is the interest of each individual. Every individual in the society has unique interests that the general will cannot fulfill. Therefore, the general will offers a simple solution for governments to fulfill the major needs of the community where individual interests cannot be fulfilled. During voting, individuals consider their best interests before subordinating their personal wills to the general will. Whe n they fail to win, then the general will fails to fulfill their individual will. Rousseau admits that votes contribute less into making the general will, and that the uniting interest is a major contributor. It is then clear that the common uniting interest may fail to be the interest of each individual, and that is what makes the general will. Rousseau admits that there is a difference between the â€Å"will of all† and the â€Å"general will† He says that people do not always vote in ways that agree with the common interest due to social inequalities and related factors. Because of this, the will of all may disagree with the general will. In such circumstances, a law-giver comes up with a solution. The law-giver designs favorable social institutions that instill virtues and a