Nursery school Essay

Identify setting which provide early years education and care: Settings which provide early years and care are: Statuaryservices: This is provided by government or state; they are set by laws and passed by parliaments and Refers to services provided by the local authority as a matter of course. ?EYFS. Children centre aim ton purpose to provide an accurate assessment of individual children at the end of EYFS year. ?Primary schools. Reception classes for children under 5 years old. ?Sure start. This is programme for children under five that can provide early learning and full day care for pre-school children. ?Maintained Nursery Schools. This is registered with Ofsted and inspected regularly maintained schools provide a free early education and offer young children to play in small group. ?Nursery schools. Provide pre-school education for children before they go to primary school. http://society. guardian. co. uk/glossary/page/0,,646470,00. html Privateservices:Consist of educational, medical, and health, business, recreational. ?Private primary schools. Non state school has the right to select their students and charge fees. ?Child minder. a qualified person works with children for more than 2  hours a day must comply with the requirement of EYFS. ? Nannies and Grandparents. Those can provide care for one child or more. ?Private nurseries. provide profession child care and pre-school nursery education. http://youth-partnership-eu. coe. int/youth-partnership/glossary. html Voluntary service: Voluntary service is understood as being part of voluntary activities and is characterised by the following additional aspects: fixed period (no matter if short or long-term), clear objectives, contents and tasks, structure and framework, appropriate support, legal and social . This is can be organised by charities,?Day school (running by parents)children are given an educational instructions on a particular topic during the day, ? Community nurseries. (sense, scoop)offering affordable quality child care and education. ?Play group and pre-school. Offer early childhood education to children between 3 – 5 years old. http://youth-partnership-eu. coe. int/youth-partnership/glossary. html Task 2 (1. 1): The letter: 23/09/2014 Whom it may concern, Dear Sir /Madam, I am writing to you regarding post Early Years Practitioner advertised last week, to tell you that, I am interesting in this job, because I believe that, I  have got all the skills and attributes makes me qualified to this job. I have previously attended Cook And Taste Programme which is related to care after children’s health, and I Work in private nurseries and primary schools for the last 2 years, this is give me good experiences, I have enjoyed developing my skills planning and implementing sporting craft activities and reading stories for the children. My sensitivity gives me ability to be aware of and responsive to the feelings and needs of another person. And my comfort means physically and emotionally it may provide in the  form of cuddle at a time of anxiety time or by providing a reassuring safe environment to a distressed child, touching, listening, and talking can all provide emotional comfort as well. As a practitioner I believe that should have an awareness of child’s personal rights, dignity, and privacy, and must show this at all times. Every child is unique and so my approach will need to be tailored to each individual’s needs. My knowledge is a secure of early childhood development and how that leads me to successful learning and development at schools essential, so I kno what am doing as a practitioner. I have got good skills of listening which is vital part of the caring relationship. Sometimes child’s real needs are communicated more by what is left unsaid than by what is actually said, facial, expressions, pasture and other forms of body language all give clues to a child’s feelings and as a practitioner for yearly years I be aware of these forms nonverbal communication. I have got high quality skills of coping with stress, means caring for other effectively in a full-time capacity requires energy, and it is important to be aware of the possibility of professional burnout in order to help others, as  a practitioner I suppose to develop outside skills to avoid suffer (burnout). I have empathy and the ability to understand and share the feelings of another. I am a patience individual which helps with my involvements with other people and to learn of other people’s methods of dealing with problems, even when I feel that my own way is better – it is required with children. I have sound knowledge of the principles and content of the Early Years Foundation Stage and know how to put it into practice. I am able to plan and prioritise in a flexible and informed way. I am responsive to change and ideas. I have an ability to plan and lead meetings with practitioners, parents and professionals for beyond the sitting. I am also able to establish and be part of a culture of collaborative and cooperative working between settings and colleagues. I have excellent written and verbal communication skills. Demonstrate an ability to write up reports, recording efficiently and effectively. I have an ability to contribute to ideas for the ongoing development and improvement of services. I have an understanding of the importance of attachment theory in a child’s development and acceptance and be able to work on own initiative. Committed to continuing professional development and be able to demonstrate a strong belief in the importance of early years. Happily, I am also to relate well to children and adults. Your faithfully Tagrid Elias Contact number; 02035814672-07950863260 E-mail address: tootaosman@hotmail. co. uk 1. 5 Reasons for adhering to the agreed scope of the job role: Some reasons why it is important to adhere to agreed scope of the job role is that when you appointed for the position, you have agreed with the job description as part of a contract with the employer. So, it is your legal responsibility to adhere in your defined role. It is your duty to understand the expectations of your job as well as understand professional boundaries. In order to be successful in your job, it is essential to be respectful and accountable. It isimportanttoadheretoagreedscopeofthejobroleisthat establish warm, respectful trusting supportive relationships with babies and children. Support parents/carers in their relationship with their children. Support and encourage Key Persons to have a solid knowledge and understanding of individual children’s needs their family backgrounds and cultures. This is because each job/position is a small part of a larger operation. Doing  something by â€Å"the agreed scope of the job† might not make sense at that level but it might help keep the larger operation running smoothly. The yearly years foundation stage (EYFS) sets the statutory standards that all early years providers must meet. This includes all maintained schools, non-maintained schools, independent schools and all providers on the Early Years Register. Rf. GOV. UK 1. 6 Every day routine is: ?Signing in and out. As a practitioner I encourage children to sign in an out for safety reasons, and telling them to hang up their coats, and ask them to wash their hands. ?Toilet break/ nappy changing. Encourage children to toilet to train them to go in right time, the age for toilet training is generally accepted as being around the 2-3 year old age range. ?Snack time. It is very important to give children a snack and it is a portion of food often smaller than a generally eaten between meals to provides the body with energy. ?Tidy up time. It can be a song about tiding up, or it can be any old song i like (something that is fun and will get some focused activity). Sing along with the song yourself, and just start picking things up and putting them away, saying â€Å"this is the tidy up song, this song always means it’s tidy up time. † over time the ritual and routine of this will sink in ?Playing. Suppose to encourage children to play all around us, play can occur alone or in groups, It can be spontaneous or as part of a planned activity it can be defined as a physical or mental activity, and It is not hard to recognize the benefits of play for children’s health. Task 3: 1. 3 Describe the relationship between legislation, policies and procedures: Policies and procedures are what differentiate each workplace. Every workplace should develop and implement policies and procedures which are relevant to the individual workplace incorporating the legislation from  the 2 statements. For example, a magazine shop would have a different set of polices than a care home because there are different takes being carried out by the staff. The Health & Safety at Work Act (1974) is the legislation (or law) which applies to every workplace, it can basically be boiled down to 2 statements: Employers Responsibility: To ensure, as far as is reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare of all its employees. Employee’s Responsibility: To take reasonable care of themselves in the workplace and to be mindful of the effects of their acts and omissions. 1.4 describe the role of the early year’s practitioner in relation to current framework: Practitioners: have a crucial role to play in finding ways of engaging and collaborating with children in writing, of creating interesting and purposeful opportunities to write both indoors and outdoors, and planning higher levels of adult-child interaction that support children’s thinking In good environment for good health. Put the child safety first: ensuring the welfare and safety ?Upholding the child’s rights and dignity. ?Enabling the child to achieve their full learning potential. ?Showing compassion and sensitivity. ?Respecting the child as individual. Cache principle: ?Apply CACH’s equality of opportunity policy. ?Never use physical punishment. ?Honour the congeniality of information relating to the child and their family, unless it is discloser is required by law or in the best interest of the child. ?Respect the customs, values and spiritual beliefs of the children and their family. ?Respect the contribution and expertise of staff in child care and education led, and other professionals who may they involve. The framework for early year’s practitioner to do the following: ?Record their qualification. ?Reflect on their work. ?Formulate their self-development plan. ?Allow manager to understand staff experience and qualification and training needs to support the development of the sitting. ?Ensures children are kept healthy and safe. ?Ensures that children have the knowledge and skills they need to start school. ?Sets the standards that all early years providers must meet to ensure that children learn and develop well. ? 3. 1 Explain how a working relationship is different from a personal relationship: Thedifferencebetweenaworkingrelationshipandpersonalrelationship is that, because of boundaries, professional codes of conduct, employer policies and procedures. in your working relationship you would be friendly have a different approach treat with equality you would know your role and responsibility you would not share personal information as you would with friends. Also a working relationship as no emotional attachment and is primary based around your job, where as personal relationship as an emotional attachment due having family and personal friends and is not work related. 3. 2 Identify different working relationships in early years setting: Colleagues: Which we support each other and cover to each other if one of us unwell, and give right information to help us process the work ,so is very important that working together as team work. Manager: Provide right information about every single child clearly in good report to help the manager catch up correct information for easy and smooth work. GP (the doctor): Take all the health information from children’s GP that will help us to avoid put children in risk, and inform their doctors about any change we me recognise it. Social worker: Work with social worker keeps children safe if their parents abuse them or relative emotionally or sexually Parents: Work with parent Is more important things, this will allow  parents and staff share information about the children. Children: We have to give every single child chance to tell about themselves and give them opportunity to get their right, listening to them, give them time to explain themselves, and develop their skills. Suppose to work in respect and trust environment to run the work in smooth and easy way to share information between them. 3. 3 Explain reasons for working in partnership with other: Partnership involves responsibility on both sides. Working in partnership with others is very important because everyone involved can share  information and concerns to create a holistic view about children and young people. For example in a nursery working with the parents/cares is part of safeguarding policy, this will help children feel safe and secure. Partnership involves parent, families and practitioners working together to benefit the children. Each person recognizes respects and value what others does and says (opinions). Part Communication will be easy and clear. Good partnership working should be based on effective and accessible peer support. Open and honest communication essential to encourage trust . Choice, fairness, openness, trust and empathy; and  Respect for the experience and knowledge of the person (and, where appropriate, their carers) about their condition, circumstances and preferences for care. In order to achieve a good partnership partners need to communicate, co-ordinate, co- operate. There are two types of partnership working: multi agency working and integrated working. Multi agency working brings together practitioners from different sectors to provide an integrated way of working to support children, young people and families and ensure that children who need additional support get the right professionals they need to support them. Multi agency working may include people form professional backgrounds such as social workers, health, education, early years, youth work, and police and youth justice. Children, young people and family’s needs can be very different, the composition of a multi-agency team will differ from case to case. It is important each practitioner brings with them their own specialist skills, so that the child, young person and family gets the best support possible. An integrated working are service hubs for the community bringing together a range of services, usually under one roof, whose practitioners then work in a  multi-agency way to deliver integrated support to children, young people and their families, for example extended services of Sure Start center. It includes people such as nurse, teacher, youth worker, sports coach, social worker, or any other member of the children’s workforce. It is important to work in partnership with others because: all the agencies can share information and concerns and create a holistic view about children in a care setting when any need arises, to help to keep the children safe from harm and promote their welfare, to diagnose a special need quickly inchildren and get the help that is needed to the child/family†¦ Ref : Study Mode 3. 4 Identify skills and approaches needed for resolving conflict: We should try to handle conflict situations by remaining calm, ending the conflict before it escalates and remaining respectful of others. However, there are times when this may seem impossible and the following skills are required: Openly discuss, knowledge the feeling and emotions from both side, demonstrate active listening skills for both side and Give both opportunity to be heard without, Invite them to come with their own solutions to the problem. Partnership involves parents, families and practitioners working together to benefit the children. Each person recognizes, respect and value what others does and says opinions. Good partnership working should be based on: effective and accessible peer support Open a honest communication and give choice, fairness, openness, trust and empathy. Finally respect for the experience and knowledge of the person( and where appropriate their carers) about their condition, circumstances and preference for care. Task 4 4. 1 Explain why continuing professional development is integral to the role of the early year’s practitioner: Continuing professional development is important because it ensures me continues to be competent in your profession and it is an on-going process and continues throughout a professional’s. Continuing professional development is integral to the role of the early years practitioner. Working with children is a highly responsible profession; it requires to show great sensitivity to the children and their parents. In order to be successful in the role practitioners have to be honest with themselves, recognize where are the areas of weaknesses and strengths. An introduction to the role of the early year’s practitioner Unit 2. 1 Tagrid elias.

John the Savage’s New World

Brave New World Essay In Brave New World, John the Savage willfully exiles himself from the reservation, where he was born and raised, in order to travel to the new world; because of his passion for learning and this twisted idea of becoming happy through his acceptance. Aloud Huxley has written a novel where the main character experiences a type of exile that is tragically unalienable while being beneficial.John's experiences in the world state were enriching; however, they were even more alienating and they ended up being so potent that it eventually pushed John to his early demise. John's exile was stimulating because of his discovery that truth and happiness are incompatible. He is faced with the idea that he will not be completely accepted by others because of how he is unlike anyone in the utopian society. His self-value was based on how others perceived him, his exile allowed him to see that his value should not be found in others.Upon their arrival to the World State, Bernard begins to parade John around to the other citizens in order to gain popularity. John recognizes the fact that the imaginary happiness that he has created for himself In he new world is fake, he decides that he â€Å"rather be unhappy than have the sort of false, lying happiness† that Bernard has from his newfound social status (Huxley 179). John becomes disturbed by the culture; he begins to accept the fact that these people only want to meet him because of how different he Is from them.John's exile was educational and allowed him to see veracity; however, his outcast was even more destructive to him because of how It shatters his beliefs, the way It Isolates him from the citizens in the world state, how he feels that he was contaminated by their society, and overall It distances himself even further from anyone from either of his two worlds. His newfound perspective altered the manner he Interpreted everything In Its entirety and unfortunately his transformation of viewpoin ts Is for the worse.In an argument with Mustache Mood, Mustache claims that John Is â€Å"claiming the right to be unhappy† and John responds by defiantly agreeing with him and saying that he Is In fact â€Å"claiming the right to be unhappy' (Huxley 240). John and Mustache have separate Ideas of what happiness Is. Mustache thinks â€Å"happiness Is a hard master – particularly other people's happiness† (Huxley 226). He chooses to pursue political power over scientific truth, Mustache genuinely believes In the system of the World State; he's not compromising his values, he's fighting for them.John, however, believes that happiness Is found with the Individual and he freely admits that he hates the way that this new collocation Is systematically run. Brave New World portrays a society that has been designed for Idealistic happiness and not the Individual. Everyone values their own entity over their happiness, as John the Savage's exile enlightens the audience; a nd the lack of Independence In Huxley evolve strikes a certain fear of this kind of society Into the reader. Huxley society Is one that Is constructed from standards that would not be deemed as moral In this day and age.John the Savage's New World By griffin recognizes the fact that the imaginary happiness that he has created for himself in people only want to meet him because of how different he is from them. John's more destructive to him because of how it shatters his beliefs, the way it isolates him society, and overall it distances himself even further from anyone from either of his two worlds. His newfound perspective altered the manner he interpreted everything n its entirety and unfortunately his transformation of viewpoints is for the worse.In an argument with Mustache Mood, Mustache claims that John is â€Å"claiming the right to be unhappy' and John responds by defiantly agreeing with him and saying that he is in fact â€Å"claiming the right to be unhappy' (Huxley 240) . John and Mustache have separate ideas of what happiness is. Mustache thinks â€Å"happiness is a hard master – particularly other people's happiness† (Huxley 226). He chooses to pursue political power over scientific truth, Mustache genuinely believes in the system of the World State; he's not compromising his values, he's fighting for them.John, however, believes that happiness is found with the individual and he freely admits that he hates the way that this new civilization is systematically run. Portrays a society that has been designed for idealistic happiness and not the individual. Everyone values their own entity over their happiness, as John the Savage's exile enlightens the audience; and the lack of independence in Huxley novel strikes a certain fear of this kind of society into the reader. Huxley society is one that is constructed from standards that would not be deemed as moral in this

Problems and Prospects of Bangladesh Essay

Despite its poor-country status, increasing numbers of tourists have visited Bangladesh, a new but minor source of foreign exchange earning. Tourism in the early 1980s amounted to some 49,000 visitors per year, but by 1986 more than 129,000 tourists–mostly from India, the United States, Britain, and Japan–visited Bangladesh. According to the Bangladesh Parjaton Corporation (Bangladesh Tourism Corporation), some Tk44.6 million in foreign exchange was earned in 1986 from the tourism industry. PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS The Bangladesh government and the Bangladesh Aid Group have taken seriously the idea that Bangladesh is the test case for development. In the late 1980s, it was possible to say, in the somewhat patronizing tone sometimes adopted by representatives of donor organizations, that Bangladesh had generally been a â€Å"good performer.† Even in straitened times for the industrialized countries, Bangladesh remained a favored country for substantial commitments of new aid resources from a strikingly broad range of donors. The total estimated disbursement for FY 1988 was estimated at US$1.7 billion, an impressive total but just US$16 per capita. Half of that total was for food aid and other commodities of limited significance for economic growth. Even with the greatest imaginable efficiency in planning and administration, resource-poor and overpopulated Bangladesh cannot achieve significant economic improvements on the basis of that level of assistance. In examining the economy of Bangladesh, wherever one turns the problems crowd in and threaten to overwhelm the analysis. Underlying problems that have threatened the young nation remain unsolved. These problems include overpopulation and inadequate nutrition, health, and education resources; a low standard of living, land scarcity, and vulnerability to natural disaster; virtual absence of valuable metals; and inadequate government and bureaucratic structures. Yet the brief history of independent Bangladesh offers much that is encouraging and satisfying. The World Bank, leader of the Bangladesh Aid Group, described the country in 1987 as a success story for economic development and expressed optimism that the goals of the Third Five-Year Plan, and longer term development goals as well, could be attained. Government policies had been effective in stimulating the economy. The private sector had benefited from an environment of greater economic freedom and had improved performance in banking and production of jute, fertilizer, ready-made garments, and frozen seafood. The average growth rate of economy had been a steady, if unspectacular, 4 percent since the beginning of the 1980s, close to the world average for developing countries. The picture of day-to-day and even year-to-year performance of the economy of Bangladesh is a mixture of accomplishment and failure, not significantly different from that of the majority of poor Third World countries. The government and people of Bangladesh are entitled to take some pride in the degree of success they have achieved since independence, especially when one contrasts their success with the gloomy forecasts of economists and international experts. The international donor community, led by the World Bank, similarly can be proud of the role it has played in assisting this â€Å"largest poorest† nation to become a respected member of the family of nations. * * * Works that are useful for gaining a basic understanding of the Bangladesh economy include Bangladesh: Emergence of a Nation by A.M.A. Muhith and The Political Economy of Development by Just Faaland and J.R. Parkinson. Rehman Sobhan’s The Crisis of External Dependence provides an insightful critique of the foreign aid sector. Kirsten Westergaard’s State and Rural Society in Bangladesh provides information on agricultural development in the context of the relationship between the state and rural society. Articles by Abu Muhammad Shajaat Ali and Akhter Hameed Khan provide agricultural case studies on the village of Shyampur and the Comilla Model, respectively. The Far Eastern Economic Review and Economist both carry timely reports on the state of the economy. Among the most important sources of information on the economy, however, is the documentation provided by various agencies of the governments of Bangladesh and the United States and the World Bank. Important among these is the annual Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh published by the Ministry of Planning. The Bibliography of Asian Studies each year carries numerous reports on the macroeconomy of Bangladesh and should be consulted for details. (For further information and complete citations, see Bibliography.)

Contrast the experience of slavery as represented by Douglass and Essay

Contrast the experience of slavery as represented by Douglass and Jacobs. In what ways is their understanding of freedom gender - Essay Example The reactions they exhibit to the terrible difficulties they face are driven in large part by their gendered notions of what is expected of them from their masters, what they are capable of given their own physical capacities, and how their emotional, intellectual and spiritual lives are structured by the experiences they undergo as a result of their gender. In this brief paper, the gendered perspectives displayed by Douglass and Jacobs will be reviewed in order to determine what their views were on lives lived as a man and woman robbed of freedom but not of other crucial aspects of personal identity. Douglass gives an account of his life as a slave in and around Baltimore during the mid-1800s. In childhood he was taken away from his mother in order to ensure that the emotional ties between them would be severed, resulting in his growing up unmoored in the world to the love and affection of other slaves. He never knew his father, but suspected that his father was the white owner of h is mother at the time of his birth. These facts are relayed by Douglass with a sorrow that reflects his inability to relate to anyone he might call family. Having been deprived of such, he grew up confused and fearful, worrying that he would be beaten and punished for any infractions against his masters. He attempted to learn basic survival skills from whoever showed him any affection. Since, even in the absence of a natural mother, primary care was given by other female slaves, he learned from the women he called â€Å"aunts† how to get along in the world. Most of his interaction with men revolved around dealings with slave owners and their overseers, who were cruel and inhumane. He relays stories of having watched the women he came to appreciate for their dignity and poise being beaten by the men he learned to fear. This way of interacting with men and women certainly colored his view of his own role in the world as a man as he grew in stature. In Chapter 5 of his account h e relays the one positive early interaction he had with another male, the son of his master, who became his protector of sorts. He relied on this boy to keep him safe from harassment by older boys. It seems significant that it was a white child who played this role for him. Having been born of mixed race and having had his family taken from him, he came to relate to the world in a very isolated fashion. He describes the mealtimes and relays how he learned that the strongest males who ate the fastest were the ones who came to have the most respect among the other slaves, largely because they came to grow in stature and strength. Therefore, as a young child he was taught that males are supposed to be as close to savage as possible, while women and those males who submit to the protection of their white owners are allowed to grow up with some amount of dignity. He was drawn to that notion, and describes the way he prepared his body by scrubbing dead skin off his feet so that he would h ave a better chance of being sold to an owner in the city, where he might expect to have a more comfortable life. Jacobs, on the other hand describe her early childhood in almost bucolic terms, describing a happy life interacting with her grandmother, her mother, and even her mistress/owner. She learned to bake and do domestic chores and lived a life

Zhongmin-MIT-Stanford-7days-editor-15561 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Zhongmin-MIT-Stanford-7days-editor-15561 - Essay Example Obviously, he was not progressing much in his career. Soon, I noticed that he avoided talking with me directly and was not paying attention when I conducted team meetings. I also learned that he was trying to communicate the project matters to my manager, bypassing my authority. Knowing it was my responsibility to resolve the matter, I took the initiative to have a dialog with him away from the formalities of the office. So I invited him for lunch and simply tried to establish a personal connection between us. He gradually opened up to talk about his family and his hobbies, which were real estate and stock investment, two subjects that I was also interested in. That set the tone for the rest of the meeting. Once I felt he had settled down and relaxed, I asked him why he was avoiding me and not reporting to me. To my surprise, he was straightforward and told me that he felt uncomfortable to work under me as I was much younger than him and that other colleagues told him that he was passed up for promotion. Knowing his military background, I said that the purpose of a business reporting structure was to improve efficiency and to ensure group direction rather than enforce a hierarchy of status. I told him, â€Å"Patrick, we came from different backgrounds and I do not necessarily know more than you do. The management wanted us to work together on this project as our skill sets are complementary. It does not mean I am superior in any way to you. Let’s be friends and enjoy working together on this project† The following weeks, he let me help him with many development assignments. I took special care by choosing my words cautiously to ensure that he was comfortable in taking my guidance. Slowly, we drew closer and he was no longer nervous in my presence. He was a fast learner and I credited him for his progress in front of the executive team. He was so overjoyed that he was beaming all through that week. I realize now, that it must have been a rare

Wilhelm Leibniz's Philosophical Writings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Wilhelm Leibniz's Philosophical Writings - Essay Example Mathematicians still use Leibniz's notations and symbols as standards. (Burnham, 2001) This paper also discusses his philosophical writings which span decades. Leibniz was a child prodigy. According to differing sources, his father was a metaphysicist and/or a professor of moral philosophy. Regardless, as a true Renaissance man, Gottfried matured into both and many other things too. He studied law and religion. He sought a way to unite Roman Catholics and Protestants by means of a new Christian theology. He proficiently spoke Latin and Greek before his teen years, and later learned Hebrew. (Speck and Reilly, 1998-2007) Of course, he was a mathematician of the highest capability in his times. A stigma came with his invention (discovery and development) of calculus. His work came quickly on the heels of Sir Isaac Newton's work founding calculus. In scholarly circles there were significant conflicting claims about who deserved credit for fathering the new field of math. Factions of supporters for both great men wanted their man to have sole plaudits. Some accounts of history say this contentiousness stunted the progress of advanced mathematics for almost a century. (Burnham, 2001. see "1. Life" 3) However, Leibniz's works in logic, ethics, morality, truth, reason and theology are the main focus here. They intertwined into a core philosophy that culminates in goodness; more specifically, God's goodness. Leibniz has three main writings dwelling on the essence and marriage of these diverse but related topics. Scholars have pulled them together. They are: - "Philosophical Investigations" (1670), found on the internet citing Leibniz's quotes by number and page - "Theodicy" (1710), a study of good and evil, wrestling with the Question of Evil - "Monadology, Monad" (1714), alludes to 'wave particles' by propounding "connectivity" of all things Leibniz didn't actually publish until very late in his life, 1710 and 1714. Many of his profound concepts have been culled from letters and other documents. He was a "deep thinker" by the standards of any era. He connected the physical "real world" with the metaphysical. Many of his ideas would be incomprehensible to most people today. Those able to stay abreast would be quite challenged on both philosophical and scientific levels of thought. A culture of admiring and critically appraising philosophers, ethicists and moralists pore over and through Leibniz's ideas. Physical scientists have expanded upon his inferences and surmising (combined with those of others, as well) on the composition of the universe. Progenitor of Wave Theory - A Physical Sphere It wasn't called Wave Theory in 1700. But, Leibniz intuited that all matter is somehow connected. He gave credit and responsibility to God. Since then, standing on the "connectivity" concept, physicists have arrived at Wave Structure Matter (WSM). (Haselhurst and Howie, 1998-2007. "Philosophy") The gist of WSM is that waves [of connectivity] course through space between all things that humankind perceives to be separate objects. Leibniz was a stout proponent of such connectivity. Without the technology to delve deeper into finding physical proof, he rationalized a system of thought that was largely based on an a priori rationale about the metaphysical. Since then, physicists, with technological advantages that

International Migration Citizenship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Migration Citizenship - Essay Example For instance, Inflow of Migrants British is one of the variables that will be included in the analysis. Since we are interested in a possible existing relationship between the Inflow and the Outflow of Migrants across Citizenship given a specific year we will employ the correlation analysis and the trend analysis to reach our objective. It is worth mentioning here that the data that was extracted represents the years 1971 through 2001. The correlation analysis was created in SPSS versus the other tables that present the data in Excel. What we observe is the following: for all countries there is a strong positive correlation between the inflow and outflow of migrants. This denotes that the more migrants enter the country the more migrants exit the country. In the same context, but this time for the British Citizens, we notice that there is a moderate negative correlation between the inflow and the outflow of migrants; this suggests that the more migrants enter the UK the less migrants leave the UK. Regarding the Non-British citizens, we state that there is a very low negative correlation which does not impact either the inflow or outflow of the country considerably. We continue the correlation analysis for the inflow and outflow of the Commonwealth for the ALL, Old and New Variables; what we observe is that the Person correlation had very high positive values from .85 and above showing the number of migrants who enter the country is directly proportional with the number of migrants who decide to leave the Commonwealth. The same things goes for the Other Foreign migrants whose correlation is highly positive showing that the number of foreign migrants that enter are proportionate to the number of foreign migrants who leave the country. From the correlation analysis that we have done so far it is obvious that there exist a strong relationship between the inflow and the outflow of migrants for most of the variables except for the Non-British. We notice that there are

Beach resorts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Beach resorts - Essay Example In this context, the analysis of the characteristics of beach resorts requires the reference to beach, which is a prerequisite for the establishment of a beach resort. Beaches are areas that meet the following criteria: ‘a) they are common property, b) they are highly dynamic energy systems and c) tourism is the main coastal activity on them’ (Botero and Hurtado 2009: 133). Beach resorts have been related to specific issues as of their development, management and operations. These issues are highlighted in the literature. In regard to their development, beach resorts need to be aligned with the standards set by local authorities for establishing a business in beach resorts. The above requirement is necessary only for beach resorts that are also used as centers of business activities. This means that all businesses established near beach resorts have to meet specific conditions and cannot expand their operations above the limits set by the relevant laws. When referring to beach resort as a coastal system, then a different approach would be used for explaining its development. The development of such system refers to a series of activities that need to take place so that a beach can be used by people for recreational purposes, which are among the key purposes of the specific systems. In the above case, the term development refers to projects for cleaning the beach and for taking measures so that the safety of any person that would use the beach is secured, as possible. Of course, they are coastal areas in which no development task has taken place and which are often characterized as beaches just because the have the characteristics of such ecosystem. For example, a coastal area which is not organized, being far from a residential area with no access to facilities for covering basic needs, such as food or cleaning, can be considered as a beach, a practice that would not be correct: such place is not a beach but it is a coastal area. Beaches are usuall y organized for providing to their visitors access to basic facilities. In the context of this study emphasis is given on beach resorts as systems related to business activities, such as the Marriott’s Marbella Beach Resort the characteristics of which are explored below. The development of beach resorts as areas where business activities are developed, needs to be combined with appropriate management plans otherwise any expected benefits would be eliminated. More specifically, in the case of beach resorts, management refers to activities such as the monitoring, periodically, of the condition of the beach in terms of litter accumulated, of damages that have been possible caused on certain of the area’s elements due to weather or due to human activities, of pollution caused by residential or business blocks that are established near to the coast and so on. Other activities, such as the gathering of funds for supporting projects required for keeping the beach clean or fo r other needs of the beach, can be also incorporated in beach resort management. In regard to the operations of beach resorts, emphasis should be given to the following fact: the conditions on which the daily operations of a beach resort will be based are set in the context of the resort’s management plan. In the specific plan the objectives that the particular resort has to achieve are defined; these objectives can be achieved only if an effective management plan

Htm421 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Htm421 - Essay Example 1). There could be other factors that influence food habits and how people from different culture develop a particular preference for food. In this regard, the current discourse aims to present the factors that influence food habits and culture, in general; and specifically in the State of California. In the simplest manner, ordinary people could acknowledge that there are common factors that influence food habits or choices. The factors include: the need to satisfy hunger; availability; income, prices of food, and convenience; advertisements and media; social and traditional practices; personal values and beliefs; and other factors (taste, psychological needs, and culture) (6 Factors That Affect Our Food Choice, 2013; Influences on food choices and food patterns, n.d.). Others categorize factors influencing food habits to be preponderant on social and cultural factors (Cassel, 1957; Latham, n.d.). Some factors are broadly classified according to physical needs, to satisfy the senses, as well as to meet psychological and social needs (Influences on food choices and food patterns, n.d.). From these factors, it could be deduced that these ranges from needs and drives that could be personal, influenced by the family, or the community on a broader context. In terms of psychological factors, there are a broad range of reasons that determine food habits and choices according to personality types. The table below summarizes the personality types, the food preferences, and the psychological reasons for eating; as well as the professional advice: contributory to the establishment and manifestation of food habits, preferences, and choices (Cassel, 1957; Latham, n.d.). Some of these cultural factors include consideration of nutritional value of food, suitability of the land to grow certain crops, knowledge in food technology, and even belief in taboos. For instance, it is emphasized that â€Å"a custom frequently

Race-Blind Admissions at the University of Texas-Austin Article

Race-Blind Admissions at the University of Texas-Austin - Article Example Ultimately, the outcomes that the policy yielded through the passage of time tended to prove the policy to be a deprivation of opportunity. The policy for the Race-blind Admission taken by the authority of the University of Texas is a milestone and at the same time, an epoch-making event in the US history of building a race-blind nation that will stand unified at one platform. The admission policy is exemplary in the sense that it was proficient enough to meet both the legal guidelines of the court and the pressing requirements diversity that was usually maintained under the Affirmative Actions in the pre-Hopwood admission policies. The issue of minority enrollment in the education has been an issue of the struggle for decades in the history of Texas. A number of measures have been adopted to increase the enrollment of the minority students and been changed to meet the ever-changing requirements of the time. After a verdict of the Federal court in 1996, the Texas Authority was pushed to modify the race-conscious admission policies in order to retain the diversity at states colleges and universities. Without directly focusing on the applicants’ ethnicity, the state lawmakers instituted Top Ten Percent Plan to ensure an automatic admission to any public universities in Texas. The plan that was enacted by the 75th Legislature served a two-fold purpose: to meet the requirements of diversity and to face the law of equal opportunity (Barr, 2005, p. 1). It is evident that the pre-Hopwood admission policy was outlawed on the ground that it goes against the US constitution. But the fact whether the policy adopted by the University Authority and the state legislators in the post Hopwood period was capable enough of bridging the hollering racial gaps existing in the US society may engender controversy.  

What does it take to be successful in life Essay

What does it take to be successful in life - Essay Example Once they have identified their mistakes and outlined the future course of action that they would take in similar circumstances, they tend to overcome their weaknesses the next time they are in them. Right behavior and rational approach is like a skill that is mastered through practice, experience and reflection upon it. â€Å"An expert is a person who has made all the mistakes that can be made in a very narrow field† (Bohr cited in â€Å"Mistakes Quotes†). Man has been given the ability to decide much of his fortune himself. Those who think and reflect upon their experiences for learning make their life different from the larger group that does not. One is required to be humble in one’s attitude towards others. One should deal others with the same respect one wants others to deal one with. That does not necessarily mean that one should kill one’s ego and accept any thing that the society has to offer. One should never kill one’s ego. Those who completely loose their ego are at the expense of the society and hence, are vulnerable to unjust criticism, humility and insult. The society considers such people as worthless and makes every attempt to ruin their pleasure and hurt their sentiments. An egoless person is treated very badly and shrewdly by the society at large. Lack of ego destroys an individual’s boundaries. â€Å"Having fuzzy boundaries means you are vulnerable to those who wish to use you, enslave you or hurt you† (Self, Ego and Boundaries†). Therefore, killing one’s ego is never the wise option. However, it should be made right use of. One should be wise enough to know whe re to use ego and to what extent. One should always take a stand for what one considers right and always condemn what one deems wrong. This can only be achieved with the appropriate use of ego. Right use of ego guarantees an individual success and respect in his/her life. People tend to show reverence towards such an individual as they know that he/she is courageous,

IKEA Operations Essay Example for Free

IKEA Operations Essay IKEA Company is one of the few companies in the world with very clear as well as coherent philosophies. It is popularly known for its unique, low cost design. The firm embraces a unique philosophy of â€Å"do it yourself option (DIY)†. IKEA consistently delivers DIY products that customers usually purchase as parts and rebuild them at the location which suit them best (Slack, Brandon Johnston, pp.23, 2013). The company, does not only offer furniture but also delivers complete set of products that go with given furniture. For instance, if a client orders a dining table, the company also offers him a chance to purchase other products such as cutlery, vases as well as lamp. IKEA is globally recognized for carrying out ideal business where it offers a wide range of uniquely designed, functional home furnishing products at low prices that majority of consumers across the world can be able to afford them. The company is different from other furniture companies because it largely offers a wide range of well-designed array of home furniture at very low prices that up to the current competitive business environment remain to be widely affordable to diverse customers. Additionally, unlike other furniture companies, IKEA uniquely adapt its presentation of its products, layout of its stores, home solutions offered as well as the prices depending on the national economic as well as cultural conditions of a given country it has oversea outlets in (Kling, Gofeman, pp.13, 2003). For example, in China, the company’s outlet uniquely reflects the layout of many Chinese apartments. By this, many people across the diverse universe are able to get attracted to IKEA outlets as well as afford  the company’s products due to their strategic pricing and display. Ikea is one of the globally known brands that hugely understand that achieving success globally calls for sacrifice, innovation from global teams. So, running a company similar to IKEA in different countries will be of huge benefit. First, from the consumer theorem, customers are becoming more sensitive to the price of commodity when making up a purchase decision (Slack, Brandon Johnston, pp.20, 2013). An operation similar to IKEA implies that the company will be able to offer unique product at low and affordable prices. This in a large way will help the company to gain more revenue from increased sales. A company that can run its operations like IKEA does in different regions will stand a much greater chance to easily penetrate in various market segments thus making it easier to achieve the firm’s goals. IKEA operations are flexible and changes with the changing demand and situations in different markets. In some markets the company targets mass market whereas in other markets, it distinctly segments its market (Kling, Gofeman, pp.21, 2003). So, incase similar operations are adopted and run in different countries, this means they will perfectly do well across the globe despite the diversity of customers. Different customers in different oversea markets have different expectations and demands, so, adopting flexible operations similar to IKEAs will make it easier for the business to get strong foothold in different markets across the countries. However, despite the fact that embracing IKEAs operations is advantageous as it helps a given business entity to gain market share in a more rapid manner, sometimes, going with the same kind of operations in different countries will be more problematic. For example, IKEA is a firm that is very famous for its flat pack furniture, where it uses the policy of â€Å"do it yourself† in its operations (Slack, Brandon Johnston, pp.30, 2013). Under this, it leaves customers with a task of assembling the furniture themselves. So, going with the same operation policy in different countries will not be an easy thing. From the internationalization concept, it is evident that for firms to be successful in oversea markets depend on their  ability to understand, respect and adhere to the local culture of different consumers in different countries. So, going with the similar rigid kind of operation policy in different countries, may make the business face some resistance from different customers who may be having different kind of expectation. For example, many diverse consumers hate the â€Å"do it yourself† kind of operations and services. Some demand to be offered full service from packaging, transporting as well as to installation (McPhee, pp.24, 2014). So, in case a company intends to adopt such an operation strategy, in many countries, then automatically it will have to be ready to face strong resistance from various groups of customers’ indifferent regions thus making it vulnerable to lose the market to its competitors. Additionally, IKEA has embraced unique operations, especially in logistics, where the company largely depends on growing countries as a source of its raw materials. Many of the company’s products are manufactured to emerging economies where the labor and other vital raw materials are relatively cheap (McPhee, pp.29, 2014). Then they are imported to European and other developed countries. So, in a large way, embracing this similar kind of operation may be very difficult in many countries. Many countries across the world have varying laws in different states which are distinctly ruled by different political parties. So, adopting such an action similar to IKEAs could make business unit operations especially the distribution as well as, the logistics a bit challenging. IKEA supply chain IKEA has over 40 trading service offices in 32 countries it operates in. The company largely gets its supplies from its 28 distribution centers in 16 different countries. Apart from having these main supplies all over the world, IKEA also purchases a large quantity of its products from Shedwood. Being an industrial group owned by IKEA, Shed wood produces wood based furniture and wooden components. Shedwood buys products from 1,300 suppliers in 53 countries. The co-workers in the trading service office widely monitor the production of IKEA products by its main distributors (Kling, Gofeman, pp.18, 2003). In a huge way, this enables them to negotiate prices, observe  social and working conditions among suppliers as well as, check quality of the product before they are distributed to the company for retail. The rationale of this unique relation between IKEA and its suppliers enables the company to effectively achieve its operational objectives of availing products that are of high quality at lower and affordable prices in a socially responsible and environmentally friendly way. Secondly, the main IKEA suppliers manufacture their furniture’s in accordance to the company’s designed code of conduct. Mainly, all suppliers, follows the IKEAs designed code known as â€Å"The IKEA Way† (McPhee, pp.25, 2014). In a huge way, this helps IKEA to ensure the supplies they get from their numerous suppliers across the world meet their expected standard. IKEA, as a company manufactures very few product on its own. It is through its close suppliers that the company so able to make innovative designs featuring environmentally responsible materials as well as ensure efficient use of resources thus translating them into bottom line results. Notably, IKEA largely embraces outsourcing strategy, where the company embraces manufacturing its main products in many developing countries, where the raw materials as well as labor are relatively cheap (Slack, Brandon Johnston, pp.20, 2013). In a huge way, this allows the company a chance to lower production cost thus enabling it to come up with quality final product at a relatively lower cost. This unique business model in a huge way enables the company to achieve its set marketing goals of availing quality products at a lower price that is affordable to many. How IKEA changes its customers from consumers to Prosumers IKEA Company, main aim is to avail quality products such as furniture at a very low price to ensure many customers are able to afford it. To ensure it achieves this, the company came up with a very unique strategy of actively engaging its customers in the service delivery process of its products. The company began engaging its customers in a process of fixing different parts of a given product, such a table to suit their taste (Hitchens Hitchens, pp.34, 2010). In a strategy known as â€Å"do it yourself†, IKEA engages its customers in the process of putting a given product such a table together  after they purchases it. Immediately, the customer purchases a product, the company leave him or her to put its together themselves. In a way, this helps the consumers to develop a sense of pride to the object because of the work they personally engaged in to make it complete and render it usable. The company, instead of selling a complete fixed product, mainly sells it inform of batches. The customer is left with unassembled product in their living room or any other place of their convenient. So, at that stage, the customer is expected to unpack it and put it together. By doing so, the company significantly engages their customer in a very active process of making their product complete and usable, thus converting them from being sole consumers to being part of the production process as well as part of being final consumers. In other they change them from being sole consumers to prosumers. References Hitchens, J., Hitchens, P. 2010, Create the perfect brand. London: Teach Yourself. Kling K., Gofeman I. 2003, Ikea CEO Anders Dahlving on international growth and Ikeas unique corporate culture and brand identity, Academy of Management Executive McPhee, J. E. 2014, Mastering strategic risk: A framework for leading and transforming organizations. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. Slack, N., Brandon-Jones, A., Johnston, R. 2013, Operations management.

Tojo World War II

Tojo World War II Tojo World War II Project Throughout World War II many important individuals have played pivotal roles in the war. These individuals have included Adolf Hitler of Nazi Germany and Winston Churchill of Great Britain. But in the Pacific Theater of World War II, Hideki Tojo of Japan played a very important role in World War II as well. Tojo was important in World War II because he authorized many crucial events in the war, like the bombing of Pearl Harobr and the Battle of Midway. Hideki was born in Tokyo, Japan on December 30, 1884 and came from a family of samurai decent. His father was an accomplished general who enrolled Tojo in the Military Academy and the Army College. After Tojo graduated in 1924, he was able to achieve many accomplishments. His achievements included being a military attachà © in Switzerland and teaching at the Army Staff College. Within the military circle Tojo was known as the Razor; a reputation Tojo received for his ability to make quick and sharp decisions. But one of his biggest achievements before World War II was his arrest of the main conspirators of the February 26 incident. The February 26 incident was an attempted coup detat of the Japanese government. The reasoning behind this coup detat was that many of the younger officers in the Japanese military felt there was major corruption and poverty in the rural areas. And they believed the solution was to remove some of the officials in the government. Some of their targets included Keisuke Okada, who was the prime minister of Japan during the time of the incident. As well as Makino Nobuaki, who was in good relations with Emperor Hirohito. The conspirators of the February 26 incident believed by removing people like Nobuaki out of government, then the problems in Japan would be solved. However Tojo and other military members against the coup were able to arrest many of the conspirators and suppress the rebellion. As a result Tojo was promoted to a Chief of Staff Position and by 1929; Tojo had become commander of the illustrious First Infantry Regiment. Within Tojo, he had extreme right wing views and believed in an aggressive foreign policy. Thus it was natural for Tojo to support military actions such as the 1931 invasion of Manchuria and the Second Sino-Japanese War. The invasion of Manchuria consisted of Manchuria as well as Korea under Japanese control. Japan also instituted a puppet government in Manchuria called Manchuko, with Puyi as Manchukos regent. While the Second Sino Japanese War was a result of Japans imperialist policy to control China and obtain Chinas raw material and other resources. Although both wars displayed the military might of Japan, it also produced dire consequences. Many of the Chinese were killed and Japan was panned by the international community. Especially from the League of Nations, who condemned Japans military aggression, thus pushing Japan to leave the League of Nations. Tojo, like many of the Japanese people at the time, held great admiration for the dictators in Europe, such as Hitler and Mussolini. Tojo especially respected Hitler, whom Tojo admired for his passion and toughness. Japans respect toward the European dictators was exemplified when Japan signed the Tripartite Pact: a pact that created a mutual alliance between Italy, Germany, and Japan. However Japans respect toward the European dictators was not shared with the United States. Instead many Japanese people like Tojo perceived the Americans to be self indulgent, lazy and without morals. This was especially evidenced during Tojos trip to the United States as a military attachà ©. During the trip, Tojo perceived the Americans to be lacking the spiritual strength and dedication of the Japanese. Perhaps through this attitude toward the Americans and among other factors did it help persuade Tojo to authorize an attack on Pearl Harbor. When by Emperor Hirohito appointed Tojo to be the Prime Minister, Tojo believed that war with the United States was inevitable and Japan needed to be prepared for such a war. He thought this way because tensions between Japan and the United States were already high. This was due to events such as Japans invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and their continuing expansion toward China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. In an attempt to stop Japans military aggression, the United placed an embargo on oil exports to Japan. The embargo implanted by the United States was proven to have a negative effect toward Japan because United States supplied many of Japans oil exports, and Japan needed vast amounts of oil to fuel their military expansion. And if Japan were to continue conquering further into Asia, Tojo and many military commanders were sure they would be in a war with the United States. As a way to prevent a war with the United States, an attack on Pearl Harbor seemed to be solution. After all Tojo and many Japanese commanders believed the Pearl Harbor plan would achieve three things. First of all through the plan, United States would lose many of its valuable ships, therefore preventing the U.S. from interfering with Japans naval interest. Second, the Pearl Harbor attack would give Japan time to strengthen its position and reinforce their navy. Lastly, the Pearl Harbor bombings would lower United States morale and give Japan the chance to dominate the Southeast Asia region. However after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, quite the contrary occurred. The United States congress immediately declared war on the empire of Japan and America began to mobilize its society toward an all out war. As it became evident that the United States would fight Japan in World War II, Tojo began to lead the empire of Japan toward many battles in the Pacific with the United States. At first it seemed Japan was victorious against their enemies as they were able to gain various territories in the Pacific. Territories that Japan conquered included Guam, the Wake Islands, Marianas, and many others. But their numerous victories were especially highlighted by the Battle of the Philippines. The Battle of the Philippines was an invasion conducted by the Japanese forces and its sole purpose was to gain raw materials in the nearby areas. The defending units of the Phillipines were a combined force of American and Filipino soldiers. Despite the defending troops having more men then Japan in the battle, they were otherwise at a disadvantage. Japan was using their best troops and equipment for the battle, while the American/Filipino soldiers were poorly trained and equipped. As a result the Philippin es became a part of Japan, and the Allied soldiers that did survive suffered harsh treatment from the Japanese. The Japanese punished the soldiers with atrocities such as the Bataan Death March. The Battaan Death March was a march of about 76,000 prisoners, marching from the Bataan peninsula to war prison camps. During the march the Japanese often beat the soldiers and nourishments like food were purposely kept away from the prisoners. Physical abuse such as rape, beheading, and bayonet piercing were common throughout the march. But despite the momentum Japan seemed to be reaching in the Pacific, they came to an abrupt halt during the Battle of Midway. The Battle of Midway was a decisive battle fought between the United States and Japan. In the battle Japan wanted to eliminate United States as a power in the Pacific theatre of World War II. Japan hoped a victory on Midway would convince the United States to end its operations in the Pacific and give the advantage Japan needed to dominate the other countries in East Asia. But during the Battle of Midway, the U.S. Navy were able to surprise the Japanese invasion fleet and score a resounding victory. The Navy was able to sink all four of Japans aircraft carriers while only three of their own carriers were sunk. After the Battle of Midway, Tojos reputation within Japan began to deteriorate as Japan began to suffer many defeats against the United States. These defeats have included battles such as the Battle of Iwo Jima. In the Battle of Iwo Jima, the United States planned to capture the island as a landing place for damaged bombers coming back from Japan. During the battle the U.S. marines suffered casualties around 20, 000 people. The Japanese that were left on the island died from the battle or by commit suicide. Many of the Japanese killed themselves because they thought the Americans were barbarous and would treat them terribly. In reality, the Americans treated the Japanese well and even offered them nourishments like water. Finally after the fall of Saipan in 1944, Tojo was dismissed as prime minister and maintained a low profile. But soon after Japans surrender in 1945, Tojos name began to reappear into the spotlight. It was because General Douglas Macarthur ordered the arrest of alleged war criminals which included Hideki Tojo. As a result many news reporters and photographers surrounded Tojos house, preventing Tojos chance to escape. Once the American forces finally arrived to Tojos house, Tojo shot himself in the chest as an attempt of suicide. Although Tojo intended to end his life by shooting his heart, he ended up shooting into his stomach and failed to kill himself. Tojo was then arrested and had an emergency surgery in a U.S. Army Hospital. Later on, Tojo would be tried by Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal for his war crimes during World War II. Tojo would be found guilty of crimes such as antagonizing war with the United States and the deaths of millions in the Eastern Asia region. As punishment Tojo would be sentenced to death. Tojo would finally be executed by hanging on December 2, 1948. Overall Tojo played a important role in World War II because he would lead many crucial events in the war. An example would be Tojos authorization of the bombing of Pearl Harbor. When the Japanese planes bombed Pearl Harbor, many of the ships that belonged to the United States were destroyed. Most of all battleships were heavily targeted because they were highly valued during this time period. The bombing of Pearl Harbor was a crucial event because it immediately switched the mindset of the American people at the time. Before the Pearl Harbor attacks, many Americans preferred an Isolationist policy of not being involved in the affairs of other countries. But because of the attack, the isolationist agenda was suddenly dropped and the United States suddenly joined forces with the Allies to fight the Japanese and the Axis Powers. Thus the authorization of the Pearl Harbor Bombing would be crucial to World War II because it would bring in one of the biggest players in the war: The United States of America. Another important event Tojo lead was the Battle of Midway. In this battle Japan wanted to eliminate United States as a power in the Pacific theatre of World War II. Japan hoped a victory on Midway would convince the United States to end its operations in the Pacific and give the advantage Japan needed to dominate the other countries in East Asia. The Battle of Midway was proven to be important because the battle proved itself to be a halt to the victories Japan held in the war. Before the Battle of Midway, the empire of Japan had a strung of victories in battles like the Battle of the Phillipines. But once the Americans defeated the Japanese in the Battle of Midway, Japan began to lose many battles afterwards. These battles have included historic events such as the Battle of Okinawa and Iwo Jima. Because of the continuing losses Japan began to suffer after the Battle of Midway, United States began to gain momentum and eventually end World War II in the Pacific. In conclusion Hideki Tojo has played a very important role in World War II, as it is evidenced through many of the crucial events that Tojo initiated. These events have included the Pearl Harbor attacks and the Battle of Midway. Although in Tojo is not as notorious as Hitler is in Europ, Tojo has an ominous presence within many countries in Asia. It was through the many crucial events Tojo authorized like The Battle of the Phillipipnes that made Tojo notorious there. Therefore through the many pivotal events Tojo conjured, Tojo proves himself to be a very important figure in World War II. Bibliography Browne, Courtney. Tojo, the last banzai. New York City: Penguin Books, 1998. Print. A detailed spectrum into the life of Tojo especially during his role in World War II Hideki Tojo. ABC CLIO. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Mar. 2010. . Hideki Tojo. Spartacuz Educational. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Mar. 2010. . Hideki Tojos Biography History of World War II: Origins and Outbreak. N.p.: Marshall Cavendish, n.d. Print. Tojo was behind the Japanese Pearl Harbor Bombing Kamikazes. ABC CLIO. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Mar. 2010. . Kamikazes were encouraged by Tojo Pearl Harbor. ABC-CLIO:World History Modern Era. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Mar. 2010. . Pearl Harbor bombings

Damning Of The Masses Essay -- essays research papers

Damning of the Masses   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  That if you confess with your mouth, â€Å"Jesus is Lord,† and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  you will be saved. --Romans 10: 9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the time we are small children sitting in Sunday school not able to fully grasp the love of God that we sing simple songs about, we are taught that Jesus was sent to earth to love us no matter what. The Puritan congregation listening to Jonathan Edwards’ sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God in 1741 were not being taught of this wonderful gift. Though Edwards’ intentions were sincere and good, he put far too much emphasis on the side of judgment that is to be greatly softened by the lesson of love Christ came to earth to make known. This made his invitation to salvation very appealing, but only through the avenue of fear of what might happen otherwise, not through sincere love for Christ. Because of this, Edwards’ call to Christianity and repentance is not complete.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Edwards’ sermon, emphasis is placed on what will happen if we do not put Christ on in baptism, enslaving ourselves to sin. He uses the fear of God that is emphasized so much in the Bible and twists it just a bit. The fear we are...

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Essay -- To Kill a Mockingbird Essa

To Walk in Another Man's Shoes '' You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view''; (30). Atticus Finch, a popular lawyer, and the father of the main character in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, teaches this lesson to his children. This idea does not just apply to Maycomb County in the 1930s, but to everyone everywhere. This story takes place in Maycomb, Alabama during the great depression. Most whites are very prejudiced and don't care to hear a Negro's opinions or thoughts on anything. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee explains that a person has to try to see a situation from the other person's point of view before they make a judgement. Scout begins to realize that people's ignorance isn't always their fault. Her teacher, Miss Caroline, is new in Maycomb, and doesn't know about the families living there. Scout was very upset that she got scolded for explaining the caste system to the teacher, but then she began to understand. ''...but if Walter and I had put ourselves in her shoes we'd have seen it was an honest mistake on her part. We could not expect her to learn all of Maycomb's ways in one day, and we could not hold her responsible when she knew no better.'';(30). A lot of the time, people don't stop to understand a person, but are quick to make judgements. All people need to do is to try to understand why the person said what they did, try to see where he or she is coming from. Only then can mankind know what to do in a...

Nuclear Power :: Papers

Nuclear Power Entering the twenty-first century, six billion people inhabit the earth. A number that is expected to double in a hundred and twenty years, yet only 4% of that world population live in the United States. Even though the United States has only 4% of the population of the world, it still uses 25% of the world’s resources. Coal and oil are a major energy provider around the world, particularly in the US. Countries without these abundances have turned to nuclear energy, due to its supreme effectiveness. Nuclear energy produces more energy per unit weight than coal and oil, releases no pollutants into the atmosphere, and is less cancer causing than the burning of coal and oil. Yet nuclear power has been attacked in the US since the day that it was instituted as being a non-safe and environmentally non-friendly form of energy. Right now the United States does not have to worry about running out of fossil fuels for a long time, even though they generate 51.7% of the US’s power , and power almost all forms of modern transportation. But what happens down the road, when all of the natural resources are gone? In many countries, such as France, nuclear power is accepted and welcome. Why is this not the same way in the US? The media and all forms of entertainment have misconstrued the facts of nuclear energy. The word unsafe is synonymous with nuclear power in this country, but time has shown that there is so reason for this feeling. Americans do not hold the facts on this issue. They have the unwarranted fears of a mass and free speaking culture. Nuclear energy is safe, clean, and effective. The voice that is heard among the people is that nuclear energy is unsafe to the environment. There should be no debate about the environmental concerns of nuclear power. If there is anything that makes nuclear power unpractical it is government spending. Nuclear power is the cleanest form of power for a rapidly increasing world population. Nuclear reactors produce electri city by the fission of uranium, not the burning of fossil fuels. Nuclear power does not emit sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate soot, or greenhouse gases. In countries around the world nuclear energy is the largest source of emission-free electrical generation. Making one million kilowatt-hours of electricity in a natural gas power plant produces 550 tons of carbon dioxide. Producing the same amount in an oil-fired plant makes 850 tons of carbon dioxide and 1,110 in a coal plant.

Aboriginal and Western Conceptions of Land

The Aborigines are historically considered as the indigenous people of the Australian continent because no other history about this race has been discovered except from their dwelling place. According to archaeological excavations, the Australian continent has been inhabited by human beings for at least 50,000 years and the Aborigines have always claimed that they have lived here since the era of creation.Although this belief gives room for Aboriginal oral traditions, stories have often occurred about ancestral figures that arrived here by canoe from overseas. For many years, the Australian Aborigines were able to live a hunter and gatherer type of lifestyle largely because such a lifestyle was not only suitable for this dry continent, but also because European –agricultural lifestyle was to fail drastically here.The pre-historic Aborigine population had food-rich habits such as large inland rivers, lakes and the coasts that enabled large groups of these people to live togethe r for a certain duration; a style of living that remained stable for over 50,000 years until 1788 when Europeans established settlement in this land and led to a near fatal impact on the Aboriginal way of life.This began a grueling battle of recognition and claim for ancestral land ownership among the Aborigines as the white settlers set out to acquire all the land that they considered unused or vacant (Jupp 2001, pp.4-5).Aboriginal Vs Western conceptions of landLong before the white settlers arrived in Australia, the Aboriginal people had very well-developed law systems that were underpinned by the people’s relationship to the land; a relationship that has been characteristic of Aboriginal spirituality for a long time. Through ‘The Dreaming’ or Aboriginal Customary Law, the law was prescribed for the land as well as its inhabitants. According to The Dreaming, the landscape originated from the activities of spirit beings and all the land was therefore a sacred si te.Traditional Aboriginal conceptions of land revolved around communal land occupation and use. Continuity of land ownership did not require any legal documentation and was passed from generation to generation through oral traditions. According to these people, control over land use has always been central to self-determination and this explains the reason why they have always demanded to be given the opportunity to have control over land use as the only means of sustaining their economic, social and community viability (Bourke et al,. 1998, pp.56, 81; Zimmer 2006).The year 1788 is significant in Aboriginal history though negatively; because it was the beginning of great loss and suffering for these people due to the invasion of their land by British white settlers. For about 2 centuries, Europeans held this prevailing idea that Aborigines were parasitically living off the land without making any investment in it.This concept was suited to the British legal system theory that unused or unoccupied land was there for the taking. Yet some European settlers had a different view that the Aborigines had for a long time been able to manage the country towards long-term agricultural productivity and suggested that it was the European strategies of land-use that were to blame for diminishing productivity. When the European settlers arrived in Australia, they developed the concept of distributing the Aboriginal population within several states.This notion of gathering together and moving the Aborigines became a central issue to the colonial as well as state government policies beginning from mid-twentieth century. Governments encouraged missionaries and private citizens to gather up the Aborigines and settle them into organized European-style communities. During the early 20th century, governments also engaged in setting up their own settlements to which they moved the Aborigines (Jupp 2001, pp. 9, 14)Early European settlers held a general view that they belonged to a c ulture that was more superior to the Aborigines and their acquisition of the unsettled land would apparently help to create a superior nation. Australia’s population was also quite low and to fully utilize the large tracts of agricultural land, the European settlers introduced the grazing of animals such as cattle and sheep on the landscape to substitute economic production for export.This created competition for land between the Aboriginal people and their indigenous animals and the newly introduced European animals. The piedmont plains, flood plains and foothills especially in Central Australia were most vital as a source of water and residence for the Aborigines. Competition fro grazing land drastically reduced the number of animal species on the land and subsequently interfered with the source of proteins for the Aborigines.European settlement led to dramatic and significant changes in Aboriginal population distribution and location through either forced migrations, or th rough moves that were instigated and enforced by the government (Jupp 2001, p.12; Bourke et al., p.5; Flood 2007, p.27).

Darkness at Noon

The author shares his experienced tales to grasp the concentration to the preconceived ideas and wrong conclusions of people like people believe that if someone is blind, he could not even hear, speak and hardest part he or she cannot work. The author has got very challenging education and employment despite these difficulties related to their backgrounds and the perception created by the society. The author in his story takes a simple format of telling the society about their society's wrong conclusion about the disable people.But as other stories have some lessons, so this it has, the best lesson that delivers from this is the light of hope that author has in his heart, mind and soul. In this part, the author is very polite and kind and gives message to others that these hardships will not underestimate his hopes and courage. A fable for Tomorrow In the essay â€Å"A Fable for Tomorrow†, Rachel Carson Illustrates a small town in America that was once beautiful but then becam e devastated by exploitation of its resources. Carson states â€Å"this town does not actually exist, but it might easily have a thousand counterparts in America and elsewhere in the world. Carson is one of the pivotal people in the environmental movement of the 1 sass who emphasized that the art was a place to be respected, not destroyed by human greed and activities. This Is the thesis of her essay. The author uses very poetic language to describe the natural beauty of this small American town. She describes the farmland, the roadsides, the forest, and the rivers. Her language creates feelings of nostalgia and an appreciation for the natural world. The town feels like anyplace in the country that someone has visited or lived-the writing Is very personable to the reader.Carson Illustrates a place where all life seemed to live In harmony with Its surroundings. The second half of the essay has a very different tone and feeling about it. Suddenly, a mood of darkness creates a curtain around the town, masking the reader from the once natural beauty that was described before. Carson begins to illustrate how the town became devastated by the loss of its inhabitants to sudden sickness and disease. The farms suffered a loss of crops and animals, all the fish began to die In One of Carbon's main mandates was to warn people against the use of harmful pesticides and the effects of pollution on the environment.The devastation in this essay alludes to the use of pesticides and the pollution that they caused in this small town in America. The deaths within the human, plant, and animal worlds in this small town are not an uncommon situation in many parts of America and the world. Although not all places experience the same amount of devastation as described in this essay, many small towns have been greatly affected by the harmful use of pesticides on their crops. This essay is a very powerful response to human irresponsibility within the environment.

Improved Ethical Conduct Essay

Improvement of ethical conduct is influential for the realization of sustainable social and economic development in any organization. Ethical conduct serves the important purpose of strengthening the reputation of an organization in the marketplace. In addition, improving ethical conduct is crucial in mitigating liability costs incurred by the organization. According to some economic and business management analysts, ethical business behavior in a company is instrumental in enhancing cooperation among its stakeholders, a move that functions to enhance the decision making process. This is also important in improving efficiency of executing business objectives. This paper is written in support of the thesis that companies should choose to understand, report on, and improve their ethical conduct as a crucial tool in ensuring sustainable competitive advantage in the market economy. Ethical conduct in an organization is important in protecting and strengthening the reputation of the company (Barnum, & Richter, 1994). According to assertion by many people in the community, reputation of a firm is the most important marketing tool for its products. Numerous research findings have provided sufficient evidence linking the purchasing behavior of customers with the perceived reputation of the producing organization. Such findings have been explained by the fact firm reputation is closely attributed with quality and reliability of services, a factor that serves to enhance customer loyalty. In addition, reputation of an organization is important in protecting and enhancing investor confidence (Barnum, & Richter, 1994). As an example is the financial scandal of Enron and WorldCom corporations in 2002. these scandals did not only lead to the collapsing of these two giant American corporations, but caused loss of billions of investor capitals, a move that compromised investor confidence in the firms. All these have the indication that enhancing ethical conduct in a company functions to ensure its competitive advantage. Still on improving ethical conduct in an organization is that it enhances the reputation of its individual employees. It has been evidently established that employee recommendations from some companies are highly recognized in the job market. This factor is driven by the fact that such companies have a strong corporate ethical code of conduct, a crucial element in defining the reliability and integrity of the individual. On the other hand, engaging in unethical business practices by individual employee serve both to enhance liability costs and compromise the reputation of the employee in the external job market. Another importance of improving ethical conduct in an organization is that it eliminates liability costs in the organization. According to the provisions of the American as well as international business laws, unethical behaviors by investments are subject to legal proceedings. This is because the law functions the purpose of protecting not only the interests of the firm but also those of the general public, a purpose that is negated by unethical business practices (Barnum, & Richter, 1994). Based on this reasoning, it means that organizations engaged in unlawful practices serve to hurt the interest of customers and investors. As an example on improving ethical conduct to mitigate liability is the legal implications brought by the ZZZZ best carpet company. According to available information, the ZZZZ Company was involved in fraud activities to enhance its competitive financial position. However, following the revelation of the scandal, it management were subjected to legal justice and the worth of the organization auctioned to compensate investor who lost in the scandal. In addition, it is not uncommon to hear of customers filing damage cases against companies for falsified advertisements of products. Ethical business conduct is vital in ensuring efficiency of services provision in the organization. Instilling a corporate culture in an organization has it crucial function in ensuring commitment by employees serving in the organization. Just to be appreciated is the fact that the ultimate success of any organization is defined by its effectiveness in meeting the demands of its customers. On the other side, effective ethical conduct dictates for commitment of all stakeholders to the vision, mission, and objectives of the organization. Therefore, improving ethical conduct in an organization is important in improving it service provisions, thus ensuring sustainable competitive advantage of the organization in the marketplace. Improving ethical business practices promotes the decision making process in the organization (Barnum, & Richter, 1994). Ethical business behavior serves to mitigate unfair dealings in an organization. It is worth noting that the decision making process of an organization is mainly driven by the financial stand of its investment. This is because such are the defining force of the measures necessary to enhance its economic expansion. This means that, without reliable financial accounting practices, the organization’s decision making process is deemed ineffective. Such practices are to be blamed for the downfall of the big corporations like WorldCom. Thus promoting ethical financial practices is crucial in enhancing the decision making process of an organization. In conclusion, business ethical practices are important component for the realization of long term competitive advantage of an organization in the marketplace. This is because they function to protect and strengthen the reputation of the firm as well as mitigating liability costs to the company. Thus companies should choose to understand, report on, and improve their ethical conduct as a crucial tool in ensuring sustainable competitive advantage in the market economy.

Ibn Sina/Avicenna

‘Ibn Sina’s renown brought him the title ‘the leading eminent scholar’ (al-Shayk al Ra’is). Discuss the significance of his philosophical ideas with special focus on his distinction between his essence and existence, and its role in his proof for God as the necessary existent. Ibn Sina, or Avicenna, born 980 AD, was a leading polymath of many subjects; many of his theories are still renowned today; 240 of (approximately) 450 works can authentically be attributed to him, contributing to mainly medicine and philosophy, but also astronomy, physics, psychology, geology and even poetry. A devout Muslim and child prodigy, he had memorised the Qur’an by the age of ten, and quickly surpassed his teachers of the Hanafi Sunni school, and by the age of 16 was fully learned in the sciences of his time.After studying medicine, he turned his attention to physics and metaphysics, reading Aristotle’s Metaphysics forty times, until he had memorised it, y et he could not grasp its meaning until reading al-Farabi’s commentary which enlightened his problems of understanding. He began writing his own discourse on this topic and many others on his travels to Isfahan whilst working as a physician to Kings and other important figures, gaining prestige in medical matters and his knowledge of philosophy, theology and metaphysics was widely recognised.Even after his death in 1038 AD, his works have continued to influence philosophical and medical thought; his ‘canon of medicine’ served as the highest medical authority for 600 years, and the translation of kitab al-Shifa (Book of Healing) into Latin served as the starting point for many other prestigious thinkers, such as Aquinas, and this discourse will be further looked at here.Avicenna is considered â€Å"the most famous and influential of the philosopher-scientists of the Islamic world† There are many other Islamic philosophers that have attempted to address meta physics, but Ibn Sina’s works alone systematically and consistently focus on both ontological and cosmological arguments that are not self-contradictory and address the underlying issue of reconciling the Islamic faith with philosophy. â€Å"Before Avicenna, falsafa (Arabic Aristotelian and Neoplatonic philosophy) and kalam (Islamic doctrinal theology) were distinct strands of thought, even though a good deal of cross-fertilization took place between them.After Avicenna, by contrast, the two strands fused together and post-Avicennan kalam emerged as a truly Islamic philosophy, a synthesis of Avicenna’s metaphysics and Muslim doctrine. † This is the primary reason for his lasting prestige; his ideas in the Book of Healing concentrated not on medicine, but on the healing of the soul and body, and held two key fundamental ideas; the distinction between essence and existence, and God as the necessary existent, a doctrine that has previously not been merged successfu lly.The doctrine of a ‘thing’ (shay’) proved difficult to define for the Mu’tazilis, as although they differentiated that a ‘thing’ can either be existent or non-existent; they struggled to define where the non-existent entities lay. Using the Qur’anic verse of creation: â€Å"our statement to a thing, when we wish it [to be], consist merely in our saying â€Å"Be! † and then it is. † (The Holy Qur'an 16:40), we can identify that something can exist in mentality before it exists in actuality; God thought of a ‘thing’ then willed it into being by saying â€Å"be! and it was. This shows that the idea of the ‘thing’ existed before its reality, meaning that the Mu’tazilis were able to conceive of the ‘thingness’ of contingent entities, and their universality (of thingness) can either exist in reality or in mentality. They could not address the idea of non-existent things, (ma†™dum) such as a square circle, as their impossibility cannot even exist in the mind. This idea opposes the Sunni theological perspective, where they hold that ‘thingness’ and existence are one and the same.They hold the idea of co-extensiveness (where all things are existents, and all existents are things) as they believe that this idea solves the problem of creatio ex nihilo; they did not want to give any flexibility to the idea that things existed before creation, or held eternality alongside God. They held that a ‘thing’ was the sum of all its predicates, one of which was existence; a thing could not be without it existing. However, this poses problems for the existence of things that can only occur in the mind, for example, a unicorn.There is a split in Sunni philosophy where some believe that a thing can either be considered as extra-mentally existent, (and so exist just as much as they would in actuality) or some believe a thing that only exists in the mind simply does not exist whatsoever. This is problematic, as we can all conceive of a unicorn, despite its non-reality, (therefore it cannot simply not exist at all), yet we cannot think of a unicorn existing in the mind on the same level as our own existence. Ibn Sina draws upon al-Farabi’s identification that ‘thing’ and ‘existence’ cannot be used as the same copula; you cannot ubstitute ‘thing’ for ‘exists’ in a sentence in a way that can make sense; for example, one can easily identify that the statement ‘Zayd exists as a man’ to be appropriate, but one cannot say ‘Zayd thing as a man’, as it is nonsensical. Therefore, Ibn Sina concludes that there is a distinction between ‘thing’ and ‘existence’, and also makes the distinction between existents and non-existents. For Avicenna, â€Å"there are four kinds of scientific questions. 1) One is a question about the â⠂¬Ëœexistence’ or ‘non-existence’ of things. 2) Another is about the ‘whatness’ of things. 3) And another is about the ‘whichness or ‘thatness’ of things. ) Also, there is the question about the ‘cause’ of things. † His distinction between essence and existence not only addresses the problem of the Sunni theologians, but, in his mind, satisfies what a ‘thing’ is, and that its ‘existence’ is not a predicate of thingness, and this argument can prove the existence of God as necessary. For Ibn Sina, existence adds to an essence specific determination external to the essence of a thing; existence adds to essence, an essence can be without existing, for example, the demonstration of the unicorn; its essence is separate from its existence as we can conceive of it without its actuality.He further explains this with categorising the necessary (wajib) and the possible/contingent (mumkir). Avicenna makes three distinctions: concrete existent, a mental existent and that which is neither of these two. A concrete existent is that which adds existence to its essence: that is to say that it, as an essence, also has existence. A mental existent is that which has essence, but not existence (such as a unicorn – it has essence because we can think of it).That which is neither is that which is logically impossible to exist even in the mind, such as a square circle; as it is impossible to conceive of such a thing, this does not even have essence. This solves the problem faced by Sunni philosophers, as it highlights the difference between mental essences without existence and concrete essences with existence. Avicenna continues to demonstrate three further aspects of essences: necessary, possible or impossible. Those that are impossible are those that it is illogical to think about, such as square circles, and as we have already shown, these do not have essence OR existence.That w hich is necessary is so because it’s very essence implies existence; its denial would involve a contradiction, (which we will further explain later). The possible is that which has essence that has potential to exist; it can either exist, or not exist. This is what contingent beings are categorised as; they have the potentiality to exist, through the cause of another; it cannot exist through itself, as otherwise it would be necessary, and it cannot not exist, as otherwise it would be impossible. Once actualised (through another), concrete existence is added to the essence.Avicenna would argue that mental essences are not concrete existents because they have not been brought into existence by another, so remain as potential essences that could exist, but do not in actuality. So far then, it has been demonstrated that Ibn Sina made the distinction of essences between that which cannot exist, that what can exist if brought into being by another, and that which exists through its own definition of its essence. When a possible essence is actualised through another, and becomes a concrete existent, it becomes ‘necessary through another’ – it must be caused by a cause external to itself.This in turn, must also be caused by another previous external cause, and so on. However, these causes cannot continue ad infinitum- there must be an external cause that itself is not caused by any other being external to itself, that is to say, that the cause is contained within itself, what Avicenna calls necessary through itself. There cannot be an infinite regress of causes, but must be one cause that can sustain and contain all possible causes, but itself need not be caused, as its essence itself contains existence, the Necessary Existent; God.So then, we have tackled the question previously posed of the existence or non-existence of things, what they are (possible/necessary), and the ‘thatness’ (whether it is necessary through another or i tself) – in turn answering the fourth question set out by Ibn Sina of the cause of things. Proof of God’s existence from this argument stems from the cosmological argument; an idea from Aristotle that there must be a First Cause in order to bring about the causes that cause others.However, Ibn Sina improves this argument by recognising that what something is differs from the fact that it is. â€Å"Ibn Sina’s way of making his point is to say that esse [fact of a things existence] is an accidental property of things – that is a quality it may or may not possess, without changing what it is†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Previously, philosophers such as Aristotle had only considered the nature of things, rather than setting them apart from their physical realisation. The distinction Avicenna makes between physical and mental existence is one that Aristotle had trouble in combatting. The most important text of this kind is Avicenna’s al-Shifa? ’ (The Healing, namely from ignorance). The title was wrongly (but aptly) translated into Latin as Sufficientia, as if Avicenna’s single comprehensive work was a sufficient replacement for the several books of Aristotle† This distinction was so important that every philosopher after Ibn Sina had to respond; the question was now apparent that there must be primacy of either essence or existence, as he had distinguished that they were not one and the same.Debate has followed Ibn Sina’s argument, that has mainly taken two paths; Suhrawardi decides that essence is prior to existence, whereas Ibn Arabi believes that only existence is real and essences are how existence presents itself to us. Thus, it has been demonstrated that Ibn Sina was successful in using an argument from reason that signifies God as the one creator, First to cause others, from which we could not possibly exist if it were not for His necessary existence through Himself.This was so profound for his time, as it had only been remarked that there previously lay a difference between the necessary and possible. Avicenna’s distinction between ‘through itself’ and ‘through another’ led to the reconciliation of Islamic thought and philosophical reason; there lies no contradiction between our own existence as concrete and God’s existence as wholly other, beyond our conception of contingent.This argument was so influential on both later thinkers due to his ability to draw upon early philosophical ideas and his faith brought together Aristotelian and neo-Platonic philosophy and Islamic theology in a way that made the distinction between theoretical and practical knowledge; logically acknowledging that the first cause as a necessary existent can only be a monotheistic God, as all predicates, including that of existence are perfectly contained within the very definition of His essence.This theory is reconcilable with Islamic thought as it signals disenchantment wit h neo-Platonic thought, developing a more personal philosophy that argues for our own necessary existence (through another), whilst still acknowledging that God is unattainably necessary through Himself. â€Å"[Ibn Sina] envisaged a world resting on two pillars: a) Greek philosophy and b) Qu’ranic revelation and the virtues of man†¦Ibn Sina was a highly spiritual and ethical person, considering that, for him, teaching and learning should lead also to rooting in faith deeply in the soul of the individual. This meant that each individual had meaning for their own life, which they could relate back to God, personally having their own cause rooted in the Divine Necessary Existent. Bibliography * Avicenna ; Farhang Zabeeh, ( Ed. Trans. ) Avicenna’s Treatise on Logic: Part One of Danesh-Name Alai (a Concise Philosophical Encyclopaedia and autobiography) (Martinus Nijoff, the Hague, 1971) * Charles Burnett, â€Å"Arabic into Latin: the reception of Arabic philosophy in to Western Europe† in The Cambridge Companion to Arabic philosophy, ed.Peter Adamson and Richard C Taylor (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005) * F. C. Bauerschmidt, Holy Teaching: Introducing the Summa Theologiae of St. Thomas Aquinas (Michigan, Brazos Press, 2005) * Robert Wisnovsky, â€Å"Avicenna and the Avicennan Tradition† in The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy, ed. Peter Adamson and Richard C Taylor (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005) * Sebastian Gunther, â€Å"Be Masters in That You Teach and Continue to Learn: Medieval Muslim Thinkers on Educational theory† in Comparative Education Review, Vol. 0, No. 3, (August 2006) Article DOI: 10. 1086/503881 Web Resources: * Encyclop? dia Britannica Online, s. v. â€Å"Avicenna,† accessed December 11, 2011, http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/45755/Avicenna * http://quran. com/ accessed 15/12/11 —————————— ————– [ 1 ]. Encyclop? dia Britannica Online, s. v. â€Å"Avicenna,† accessed December 11, 2011, http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/45755/Avicenna. [ 2 ]. Robert Wisnovsky, â€Å"Avicenna and the Avicennan Tradition† in The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy, ed.Peter Adamson and Richard C Taylor (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005) p. 92 [ 3 ]. The Holy Qur’an 16:40 as cited from http://quran. com/16/40 (Sahih International Translation) accessed on 15/12/11 [ 4 ]. Robert Wisnovsky, â€Å"Avicenna and the Avicennan Tradition† in The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy pp. 106-107 [ 5 ]. Avicenna & Farhang Zabeeh (Ed. Trans. ) Avicenna’s Treatise on Logic Part One of Danesh-Name Alai (a Concise PhilosophicalEncyclopaedia and autobiography) (Martinus Nijoff, the Hague, 1971) p. 5 [ 6 ]. F. C. Bauerschmidt, Holy Teaching: Introducing the Summa Theologiae of St. Thomas Aquinas (Michigan, B razos Press, 2005) p. 57 [ 7 ]. Charles Burnett, â€Å"Arabic into Latin: the reception of Arabic philosophy into Western Europe† in The Cambridge Companion to Arabic philosophy, p. 371 [ 8 ]. Sebastian Gunther, â€Å"Be Masters in That You Teach and Continue to Learn: Medieval Muslim Thinkers on Educational theory† in Comparative Education Review, Vol. 50, No. 3, (August 2006) pp. 376 – 377 Article DOI: 10. 1086/503881